Abstract
This paper investigates the locality of the genotype-phenotype mapping (representation) used in grammatical evolution (GE). The results show that the representation used in GE has problems with locality as many neighboring genotypes do not correspond to neighboring phenotypes. Experiments with a simple local search strategy reveal that the GE representation leads to lower performance for mutation-based search approaches in comparison to standard GP representations. The results suggest that locality issues should be considered for further development of the representation used in GE.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
O’Neill, M., Ryan, C.: Grammatical evolution. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 5, 349–358 (2001)
Koza, J.R.: Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass (1992)
O’Neill, M., Ryan, C.: Grammatical Evolution: Evolutionary Automatic Programming in a Arbitrary Language. Genetic Programming, vol. 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003)
Ryan, C., O’Neill, M.: Grammatical evolution: A steady state approach. In: Late Breaking Papers, Genetic Programming 1998, pp. 180–185 (1998)
Rothlauf, F., Goldberg, D.E.: Tree network design with genetic algorithms – an investigation in the locality of the prüfernumber encoding. In: Brave, S., Wu, A.S. (eds.) Late Breaking Papers at the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 1999, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 238–244. Omni Press (1999)
Gottlieb, J., Raidl, G.: Characterizing locality in decoder-based eas for the multidimensional knapsack problem. In: Fonlupt, C., Hao, J.-K., Lutton, E., Schoenauer, M., Ronald, E. (eds.) AE 1999. LNCS, vol. 1829, pp. 38–52. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Gottlieb, J., Raidl, G.R.: The effects of locality on the dynamics of decoderbased evolutionary search. In: Whitley, D., Goldberg, D.E., Cantú-Paz, E., Spector, L., Parmee, L., Beyer, H.G. (eds.) Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 2000, San Francisco, CA, pp. 283–290. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (2000)
Gottlieb, J., Julstrom, B.A., Raidl, G.R., Rothlauf, F.: Prüfer numbers: A poor representation of spanning trees for evolutionary search. IlliGAL Report No. 2001001, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana (2001)
Rothlauf, F., Goldberg, D.E.: Prüfernumbers and genetic algorithms: A lesson on how the low locality of an encoding can harm the performance of GAs. In: Deb, K., Rudolph, G., Lutton, E., Merelo, J.J., Schoenauer, M., Schwefel, H.-P., Yao, X. (eds.) PPSN 2000. LNCS, vol. 1917, pp. 395–404. Springer, Berlin (2000)
Rothlauf, F.: Representations for Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Selkow, S.M.: The tree-to-tree editing problem. Information Processing Letters 6, 184–186 (1977)
Tai, K.C.: The tree-to-tree correction problem. Journal of the ACM 26, 422–433 (1979)
Zhang, K., Shasha, D.: Simple fast algorithms for the editing distance between trees and related problems. SIAM Journal on Computing 18, 1245–1262 (1989)
Keller, B.: Genetic programming using genotype-phenotype mapping from linear genomes into linear phenotypes. In: Koza, J., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of First Annual Conference on Genetic Programming, pp. 116–122. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
O’Reilly, U.M.: Using a distance metric on genetic programs to understand genetic operators. In: Late breaking papers at the 1997 Genetic Programming Conference, pp. 199–206. Stanford University, CA (1997)
Brameier, M., Banzhaf, W.: Explicit control of diversity and effective variation distance in linear genetic programming. In: Foster, J.A., Lutton, E., Miller, J., Ryan, C., Tettamanzi, A.G.B. (eds.) EuroGP 2002. Brameier, M., Banzhaf, W., vol. 2278, pp. 162–171. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Igel, C.: Causality of hierarchical variable length representations. In: Proceedings of 1998 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 324–329 (1998)
Igel, C., Chellapilla, K.: Investigating the influence of depth and degree of genotypic change on fitness in genetic programming. In: Banzhaf, W., Daida, J., Eiben, A.E., Garzon, M.H., Honavar, V., Jakiela, M., Smith, R.E. (eds.) Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, vol. 2, pp. 1061–1068. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rothlauf, F., Oetzel, M. (2006). On the Locality of Grammatical Evolution. In: Collet, P., Tomassini, M., Ebner, M., Gustafson, S., Ekárt, A. (eds) Genetic Programming. EuroGP 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3905. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11729976_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11729976_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-33143-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33144-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)