Abstract
In this work was carried out the electrical and optical characterization of sensitives in near infrared spectrum of PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al and PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Ag/AgCl photodiodes for its application as blood oxygenation and temperature sensors, covering large areas and detecting wavelengths from 600–940 nm with an incident power of 25–30 mW under − 3 V reverse bias. The photodiodes exhibit responsivities around 10−3A/W, specific detectivity around 106Hz1/2/W and dark current around 10−4A. In blood oxygenation monitoring, the device exploits the differential absorption of blood at 600–700 nm (deoxygenated) and 940 nm (oxygenated), blocking light transmission within this range. The percentage of photoinduced current is derived from the characteristics I–V curves and the temperature measurement relies on changes in I–V curves and the disparity in total photoinduced current.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All experimentation and measurements were carried out in the teaching laboratories of both ESFM and CNMN, which are both part of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. The following personnel were responsible for conducting the measurements. Dr. Luis Moreno oversaw FTIR spectroscopy, Dr. Hugo Martínez was in charge of SEM, and Dr. Jorge Sastré was in charge of VIS–NIR. For access to any data relating to the materials and experimentation utilized in this study, kindly refer to the corresponding. Additionally, the specific characterization and experimentation data will be made available in the repository of the thesis entitled “Fotodiodos Orgánicos Flexibles a Base de la Heterounión de Bulto P3HT:PCBM” which is part of the Master's program in Physico-Mathematical Sciences at ESFM-IPN. This will be accessible in due course after January 2024.
References
M.S. Ulum, E. Sesa, W. Belcher, The effect of active layer thickness on P3HT: PCBM nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic device performance. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1242(1), 012025 (2019)
J.T. Kuenstner, K.H. Norris, Spectrophotometry of human hemoglobin in the near infrared region from 1000 to 2500 nm. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 2(2), 59–65 (1994)
E.D. Chan, M.M. Chan, M.M. Chan, Pulse oxime- try: understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations. Respir. Med. 107(6), 789–799 (2013)
S. Bolton, E. Latimer, D. Clark, Temporal artery and non-contact infra-red thermometers: is there sufficient evidence to support their use in secondary care. Glob. Clin. Eng. J. 2(2), 8–16 (2020)
A.D. Hay, T.J. Peters, A. Wilson, T. Fahey, The use of infrared thermometry for the detection of fever. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 54(503), 448–450 (2004)
S. Zhang, G. Li, J. Wang, D. Wang, Y. Han, H. Cao, L. Lin, Nondestructive measurement of hemoglobin in blood bags based on multi-pathlength VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–9 (2018)
A. Armin, M. Hambsch, I.K. Kim, P.L. Burn, P. Meredith, E.B. Namdas, Thick junction broadband organic photodiodes. Laser Photonics Rev. 8(6), 924–932 (2014)
P. Mahendia, G. Chauhan, H. Wadhwa, G. Kandhol, S. Mahendia, R. Srivastava, S. Kumar, Study of induced structural, optical and electrochemical properties of Poly (3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),[6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) and their blend as an effect of graphene doping. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 148, 109644 (2021)
J. Kraitl, U. Timm, H. Ewald, Non-invasive measurement of blood and tissue parameters based on VIS-NIR spectroscopy. In Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XIII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics Vol. 8591, pp. 33-40, SPIE (2013)
A. Fadlelmoula, D. Pinho, V.H. Carvalho, S.O. Catarino, G. Minas, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyse human blood over the last 20 years: a review towards lab-on-a-chip devices. Micromachines 13(2), 187 (2022)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SEPI) through projects numbers 20231318 & 20231431. KDCM is grateful to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for its financial support throughout my Master of Science Program. RGA and JOL are grateful to COFAA-IPN, EDD-IPN and EDI-IPN for support through academic fellowships.
Funding
This research was financially supported by project numbers 20231318 and 20231431 from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional through the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Below is the contribution of each of the authors to this paper. KDCM and RGA were responsible for designing, constructing and electrically characterizing the organic photodiodes. JOL was responsible for the optical characterization of the films.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None of the corresponding authors has any sort of conflict of interest. Author KDCM have a personal interest in the publication for her MSc degree.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Melchor, K.D.C., Gómez-Aguilar, R. & López, J.O. Organic photodetectors for use in medical sensors, blood oxygen recognition, and temperature measurement. MRS Advances (2024). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-024-00812-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-024-00812-5