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Mechanochemically-assisted synthesis and characterization of bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) nanoparticles: Milling time effect

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Abstract

This study investigated the mechanochemical synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles, employing Bi2O3 and TiO2 as precursors. Bismuth titanate powders were produced by high-energy ball milling with 2, 4, and 6 h of milling. Furthermore, the 6-h milled sample underwent calcination at 500 °C for 2 h. Through XRD, the formation of the Bi4Ti3O12 phase was confirmed, which exhibited an orthorhombic structure. SEM–EDS analyses were used to measure particle size, chemical composition, and powder morphology. The band gap of the samples was determined using UV–vis DRS, yielding a consistent value of 2.6 eV for all milling times. The results demonstrated that the desired formation of the Bi4Ti3O12 phase occurred as early as 2 h of milling, underscoring the advantage of the mechanochemical process over conventional solid-state reactions. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanochemical synthesis of bismuth titanate nanoparticles and highlights its potential for efficient phase formation and tailored material properties.

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The data obtained during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

Rosario T. Méndez-Tovar acknowledges the scholarship support provided by “Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías” Mexico.”

Funding

The authors acknowledge “Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías” México, project numbers 299909 and 807101, and “Instituto Politécnico Nacional” SIP projects 20230926, 20230909, and 20230451 for the financial support provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lab. Catálisis y Materiales, ESIQIE- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, 07738, Mexico City, México

    Rosario T. Méndez-Tovar, Elim Albiter & Miguel A. Valenzuela

  2. Departamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia y Materiales. ESIQIE, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, 07738, Mexico City, México

    José Ortiz-Landeros

  3. Lab. Ingeniería Química Ambiental, ESIQIE-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, 07738, Mexico City, México

    Juan R. Avendaño

Authors
  1. Rosario T. Méndez-Tovar
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  2. José Ortiz-Landeros
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  3. Juan R. Avendaño
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  4. Elim Albiter
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  5. Miguel A. Valenzuela
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Contributions

RTM-T: investigation, visualization, writing—original draft; JO-L: methodology, formal analysis, investigation; JRA: investigation; EA: conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, writing—review and editing, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition; MAV: conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, funding acquisition.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Elim Albiter or Miguel A. Valenzuela.

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Méndez-Tovar, R.T., Ortiz-Landeros, J., Avendaño, J.R. et al. Mechanochemically-assisted synthesis and characterization of bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) nanoparticles: Milling time effect. MRS Advances 8, 1319–1324 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-023-00674-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-023-00674-3

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