Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) has been reported to be closely related to the pathophysiology of Tic Disorders (TD). By using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), we aimed to investigate the relationship between in vivo Glu levels and the severity of TD. We performed a cross-sectional study in medication-free patients with TD and healthy controls aged between 5 and 13 years using 1H-MRS at 3 T. First, we measured the Glu levels in both patients and controls and observed the difference in subgroups, including mild TD patients and moderate TD patients. We then examined the correlations between the Glu levels and clinical features of the patients. Finally, we assessed the diagnostic value of 1H-MRS and the influencing factors. Our results show that the Glu levels in the striatum of all patients with TD were not significantly different from those of the healthy controls. Subgroup analysis revealed that the Glu levels in the moderate TD group were higher than those in the mild TD group and healthy controls. The correlation analysis showed that Glu levels are strongly positive correlated with TD severity. The optimal cutoff value of Glu levels to differentiate mild tics from moderate tics was 1.244, with a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 94.7%. Multiple linear regression models revealed that the severity of TD is one of the important factors that affect Glu levels. We conclude that Glu levels are mainly associated with the severity of tics, thus it could serve as a key biomarker for TD classification.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874486; No. 81873893; No. 82004418), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Research Project (No. 18401902700; No. 17401931200), Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (No. 2018LQ010), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2018SHZDZX01), Zhejiang Medical Health Science and Technology Program (No. 2022RC280), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine high level local college construction project (No. 18zxy006), Shaoxing University college-level research projects (No. 20205038; No. 2020LG1007).
Funding
This study was supported by the grant awarded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874486; No. 81873893; No. 82004418), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Research Project (No. 18401902700; No. 17401931200), Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (No. 2018LQ010), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2018SHZDZX01). Zhejiang Medical Health Science and Technology Program (No. 2022RC280). Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine high level local college construction project (No. 18zxy006). Shaoxing University college-level research projects (No. 20205038; No. 2020LG1007).
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Authors JH, XZ, KJ, X-Y Z and MW designed the study, enrolled the participants, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. Author ZZ did the MR examinations. Authors YL and X-YZ processed the 1H-MRS data and edited the manuscript critically. All authors contributed to have approved the final manuscript.
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This study was approved by the Xinhua Hospital Ethics Committee affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine (Approval No. XHEC-C-2018-046-2).
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Hao, J., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. et al. Cross-sectional Exploration of the Relationship Between Glutamate Abnormalities and Tic Disorder Severity Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Phenomics 3, 138–147 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-022-00064-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-022-00064-z