Abstract
The irrigation water quality is crucial to ecosystems services, soils preservation, and crops’ development. Paddy-rice culture is highly implemented in the lower Tejo river basin and its tributaries (Almansor and Sorraia) alluviums, using irrigation waters with diverse types (ditches, water supply system, water reservoir, water canal, and rivers runoff) and irrigation abilities (C1S1–C4S4 by Wilcox classification). The factorial analysis Principal Components Analysis was used as a multivariate statistical method to understand the relations between water quality variables and their location in the irrigated area. The location of the higher irrigation water mineralization is in the Southern section of Lezírias area, where paddy-rice crops’ implementation prevails. As paddy-rice is considered a salts sensitive crop along with the considerable salinity supply through irrigation, sustainability and crop continuity concerns start to arise. The preservation of natural resources is mandatory to maintain agriculture practices in this highly productive but highly sensitive region. Increasing salinity in soils can force to adaptation measures, namely the blending of irrigation waters or the shift for more salinity tolerant cultures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar M, Fernández-Ramírez JL, Aguilar-Blanes M, Ortiz-Romero C (2017) Rice sensitivity to saline irrigation in Southern Spain. Agricultural Water Manage 188:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.027
Alloway BJ (ed) (2013) Heavy metals in soils, vol 22, 3rd edn. Springer, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
Ashraf M, Harris PJC (2013) Photosynthesis under stressful environments: an overview. Photosynthetica 51(2):163–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6
Associação de Regantes e Beneficiários do Vale do Sorraia (2019) Volumes de Água. https://www.arbvs.pt/index.php/culturas/volumes-de-agua
Ayers RS, Wescot DW (1994) Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29(1):174
Barbieri M, Ricolfi L, Vitale S, Muteto PV, Nigro A, Sappa G (2019) Assessment of groundwater quality in the buffer zone of Limpopo National Park, Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(1):62–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3474-0
Blume H-P, Brümmer GW, Fleige H, Horn R, Kandeler E, Kögel-Knabner I, Kretzschmar R, Stahr K, Wilke B-M (2016) Scheffer/Schachtschabel soil science, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30942-7
Chesworth W (ed) (2008) Encyclopedia of soil science. Springer, Amsterdam
Darko RO, Yuan S, Hong L, Liu J, Yan H (2016) Irrigation, a productive tool for food security—a review. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Soil Plant Sci 66(3):191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2015.1093654
European Commision (2005) Soil Atlas of Europe, European Soils Bureau Network. In: Jones A, Montanarella L, Jones R (eds) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
Ferreira D, Simões M, Reboredo F, Pessoa F, Almeida AS, Daradzhanska I, Lidon F (2018) Effects of climate change (precipitation variations), on rice crop yields in alluvial plains of the Tejo and Sado rivers. Emir J Food Agric 30(6):488–495. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i6.1719
Ferreira D, Simões M, Pessoa F, Reboredo F, Almeida AS, Lidon F (2021) Impacts of irrigated cultures (paddy-rice) in groundwater quality in Tejo Alluvial River Basin, Portugal. In: Abrunhosa M, Chambel A, Peppoloni S, Chaminé HI (eds) Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_53
Flexas J, Diaz-Espejo A, Galmés J, Kaldenhoff R, Medrano H, Ribas-Carbo M (2007) Rapid variations of mesophyll conductance in response to changes in CO2 concentration around leaves. Plant Cell Environ 30(10):1284–1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01700.x
Giri B, Varma A (eds) (2019) Microorganisms in saline environments: strategies and functions, vol 56. Springer International Publishing, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4
Grattan SR, Grieve CM (1992) Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric Ecosyst Environ 38(4):275–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90151-Z
Groenfeldt D (2017) Incorporating ethics into water decision-making. In: Ziegler R, Groenfeldt D (eds) Global Water Ethics 1st edn. Routledge, p 16. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315469690-5
Inácio C (2019) Aproveitamentos Hidroagrícolas do Grupo II no Continente—Culturas e Áreas Regadas em 2018
INE (2018) Superfície (km2) das unidades territoriais por Localização geográfica (NUTS—2013) e Classes de uso e ocupação do solo; Não periódica. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0009776&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2. Accessed 15 Apr 2021
INE (2020) Contas Económicas da Agricultura 2020: Vol. 1a Estimat
Jolliffe IT, Cadima J (2016) Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci 374(2065):20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Measurement XX(1):141–151
Lal R (ed) (2016) Encyclopedia of soil science, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Machado R, Serralheiro R (2017) Soil salinity: effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization. Horticulturae 3(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae3020030
Malakar A, Snow DD, Ray C (2019) Irrigation water quality—a contemporary perspective. Water 11(7):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071482
Malash NM, Flowers TJ, Ragab R (2008) Effect of irrigation methods, management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield, soil moisture and salinity distribution. Irrig Sci 26:313–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0095-7
Marcos M, Sharifi H, Grattan SR, Linquist BA (2018) Spatio-temporal salinity dynamics and yield response of rice in water-seeded rice fields. Agri Water Manage 195:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.09.016
Marschner P (2012) Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. In: Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9
Matosic S, Birkás M, Vukadinovic V, Kisic I, Bogunovic I (2018) Tillage, manure and gypsum use in reclamation of saline-sodic soils. Agric Conspec Sci 83(2):131–138
Mendes MP, Cherubini P, Plieninger T, Ribeiro L, Costa A (2019) Climate effects on stem radial growth of Quercus suber L.: does tree size matter. For Int J for Res 92(1):73–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpy034
Minhas PS, Ramos TB, Ben-Gal A, Pereira LS (2020) Coping with salinity in irrigated agriculture: crop evapotranspiration and water management issues. Agric Water Manag 227(Sepetember 2019):105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105832
Ministery of the Environment and Climate Action. (2019) Carta de uso e ocupação do solo de Portugal Continental para 2018 (Direção-Geral do Território (ed))
National Comission for the Environment (1978) Carta dos Solos. In: Cardoso JC, Bessa MT, Marado MB (eds) Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente
Paz AM, Castanheira N, Farzamian M, Paz MC, Gonçalves MC, Monteiro Santos FA, Triantafilis J (2020) Prediction of soil salinity and sodicity using electromagnetic conductivity imaging. Geoderma 361(November 2019):114086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114086
Peppoloni S, Di Capua G (2017) Geoethics: Ethical, social and cultural implications in geosciences. Ann Geophys 60(7):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7473
Rice Production Worldwide (2017) In: Chauhan BS, Jabran K, Mahajan G (eds) Rice Production Worldwide. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-31947516-5
Rodrigues RJ, Calleja J, Oliveira R (2020) Tejo: com matar um rio. Diário de Notícias. https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/27-set-2020/tejo-como-matar-um-rio-12738645.html
Singh AK, Arora S, Singh YP, Verma CL, Bhardwaj AK, Sharma N (2018) Water use in rice crop through different methods of irrigation in a sodic soil. Paddy Water Environ 16(3):587–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0650-2
Sousa P, Sousa AJ (2000) Sistema ANDAD (7.12) CVRM—Centro de Geosistemas, IST
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2010) Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc, Sunderland. https://doi.org/10.1086/658450
Tanvir Rahman MATM, Saadat AHM, Islam MS, Al-Mansur MA, Ahmed S (2017) Groundwater characterization and selection of suitable water type for irrigation in the western region of Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci 7(1):233–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0239-x
Tóth G, Adhikari K, Varallyay GY, Toth T, Bódis K, Stolbovoy V (2008) Updated map of salt affected soils in the European Union. In Tóth G, Montanarella L, Rusco E (eds) Threats to Soil Quality in Europe, JRC European Comission, pp 61–74
Wyss M, Peppoloni S (2015) Geoethics: ethical challenges and case studies in earth sciences (First). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-09988-4
Yeo A (2007) Salinity. In: Yeo A, Flowers T (eds) Plant solute transport. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Hoboken, pp 340–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470988862.ch14
Zaman M, Shahid SA, Heng L (2018) Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques. In: Zaman M, Shahid SA, Heng L (eds) Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
Acknowledgements
This work was developed under the support of the research grant SFRH/BD/121892/2016 from National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the financial support of GeoBioTec (UIDB/04035/2020).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ferreira, D., Simões, M., Reboredo, F. et al. Irrigation water quality used in paddy-rice fields in the Tejo river basin and its consequences. Med. Geosc. Rev. 3, 339–348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-021-00066-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-021-00066-5