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Humic acid regulates gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes to inhibit the salt-induced oxidative stress in finger millet

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Abstract

Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that exerts detrimental effects on plant growth, development and yield worldwide. Humic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring component of soil and a major element of biostimulant (BS). It has the potential to alleviate different abiotic stresses in plants effectively. However, the putative physiological mechanism underlying HA-alleviated salt stress in finger millet is unknown. The possible role of HA in improving finger millet salt stress resistance was investigated through a physiological, biochemical and molecular analysis. The results showed that HA improved growth, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and photosynthetic pigment in finger millet under salt stress. Meanwhile, HA mitigated salt-induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and generating reactive oxygen species through an enhanced antioxidant system. Particularly, HA increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) via transcriptional regulation of EcSOD, EcCAT1, EcAPX1, and EcGR. Our results suggested that HA treatment might protect finger millet seedlings from salt stress while reducing oxidative stress by enhancing the ROS scavenging pathway gene expression. This is the first report on the use of HA to mitigate salt stress damage in finger millet by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes such as EcSOD, EcCAT1, EcAPX, and EcGR. This study will help us understand the mechanism of HA’s role in finger millet salt tolerance.

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Acknowledgements

The author K. Rakkammal thanks the RUSA 2.0 scheme in the form of Project Fellow [Grant No. F. 24-51/2014-U, Policy (TN Multi-Gen), Department of Education, Government of India]. The authors would like to thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) for providing seeds to this experiment. The authors also thankfully acknowledge DST-FIST (Grant No. SR/FST/LSI-639/2015(C)), UGC-SAP (Grant No.F.5-1/2018/DRSII (SAP-II)) and DST-PURSE (Grant No. SR/PURSE Phase 2/38 (G)) for providing laboratory facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India

    Kasinathan Rakkammal & Manikandan Ramesh

  2. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea

    Subramani Pandian & Soo-In Sohn

  3. Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, 683104, India

    Theivanayagam Maharajan & Stanislaus Antony Ceasar

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  1. Kasinathan Rakkammal
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KR and MR—Conceived and designed the experiments. KR—Performed the experiments. KR, SP, TMR and MR—analyzed the data. KR, SP, TMR and MR—wrote the manuscript. MR—Contributed reagents and materials. MR, SIS and SAC assisted, edited and updated the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Manikandan Ramesh.

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Communicated by Olesya Shoeva.

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Rakkammal, K., Pandian, S., Maharajan, T. et al. Humic acid regulates gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes to inhibit the salt-induced oxidative stress in finger millet. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 52, 397–411 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-023-00429-8

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