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Organic carbon in soils’ fine fraction: thresholds in saturation capacity and its relationship with carbon stabilization

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Abstract

Carbon (C) stabilization in soils is considered a function of pre-existing C concentration, mineral fraction (silt + clay) and C input rates. We hypothesized that frequent and large C input to soils with low pre-existing C concentration and fine fraction would lead to higher C stabilization. The present study aimed to (i) establish thresholds in C saturation beyond which stabilization of freshly added C gets leveled-off, and (ii) predict and compare C saturation capacity of soils under three different cropping systems using existing empirical models. We applied farmyard manure (w/v; 0–50%, FYM0–FYM50) thrice (starting and after 6 and 12 months) in selected 10 soils with variable pre-existing C concentration (TOC = 3.35–9.96 mg g−1) and silt + clay fraction (174–410 g kg−1). Soils incubated (at 30 °C and field capacity, − 33 kPa) for 24 months were analyzed for total organic C (TOC), hot water soluble C (HWC), microbial biomass C (MBC) and physical fractions of soil organic matter viz. coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM, 0.25–0.5 mm), fine POM (fPOM, 0.053–0.25 mm) and mineral associated organic matter (s + cOM, < 0.053 mm). Manure application significantly (p < 0.05) increased TOC concentration in whole soil, the magnitude of increase was higher after 6 months, and gradually decreased thereafter. Although, TOC exhibited a linear increase with soils’ fine fraction (clay or silt + clay), but there occurred convergence of regression lines (TOC vs. clay or silt + clay) at large C input rates. Physical fractionation revealed that fPOM comprised the largest (326–572 mg g−1 soil), while the cPOM (120–305 mg g−1 soil) was the smallest fraction of whole soils, with s + cOM (127–314 mg g−1 soil) in-between. A linear significant relationship between silt + clay content and the (silt + clay)-C showed the convergence of regression lines at high C input rates, suggesting that additional C input leads to marginal increase in (silt + clay)-C. Overlapping of regression lines after 24 months signifies that soils had attained C saturation threshold level. The established threshold estimated C saturation capacity was 14.1, 14.9 and 13.6 mg g−1 soil under rice–wheat, maize-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping systems, respectively. These results highlight that to accurately predict TOC dynamics and stabilization, C saturation of soil C pools, particularly the stable pools should be considered. Although achieving the entire estimated C storage capacity is unrealistic, yet improved crop production and soil management practices which aimed at enhancing plant mediated C input into soils while minimizing C loss from the cultivated lands could significantly contribute towards mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) National Professor Project.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India

    Pritpal Singh & Dinesh Kumar Benbi

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Singh, P., Benbi, D.K. Organic carbon in soils’ fine fraction: thresholds in saturation capacity and its relationship with carbon stabilization. Trop Ecol 64, 635–654 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-022-00288-0

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