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Line-of-shower trigger method to lower energy threshold for GRB detection using LHAASO-WCDA

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Abstract

Purpose

Observation of high energy and very high emission from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) is crucial to study the gigantic explosion and the underline processes. With a large field-of-view and almost full duty cycle, the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA), a sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), is appropriate to monitor the very high energy emission from unpredictable transients such as GRBs.

Method

Nevertheless, the main issue for an extensive air shower array is the high energy threshold which limits the horizon of the detector. To address this issue a new trigger method is developed in this article to lower the energy threshold of  WCDA for GRB observation.

Result

The proposed method significantly improves the detection efficiency of WCDA for gamma-rays around the GRB direction at 10-300 GeV. The sensitivity of the WCDA for GRB detection with the new trigger method is estimated. The achieved sensitivity of the quarter WCDA array above 10 GeV is comparable with that of Fermi-LAT. The data analysis process and corresponding fluence upper limit for GRB 190719C is presented as an example.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under the Grant 2018YFA0404201 and the Natural Sciences Foundation of China under the Grants 12022502, 11635011 and the Key R&D Program of SiChuan Province under the Grant 2019ZYZF0001. The authors would like to thank doctor Yibin Pan from University of Wisconsin for his comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Y. X. Bai, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, Z. Cao, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, X. L. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, H. L. Dai, X. J. Dong, Z. X. Fan, K. Fang, S. H. Feng, B. Gao, L. S. Geng, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, H. H. He, J. C. He, C. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. C. Hu, Q. L. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, C. Jin, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, J. Li, K. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, C. Liu, J. Liu, J. Y. Liu, W. Liu, H. K. Lv, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, M. Y. Qi, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, B. D. Wang, L. Y. Wang, X. J. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. J. Wei, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, G. Xiao, F. F. Yang, M. J. Yang, Z. G. Yao, L. Q. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, T. X. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, S. S. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, J. Zhao, B. Zhou, K. J. Zhu & X. Zuo

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    X. J. Bi, Z. Cao, L. Chen, S. H. Chen, X. L. Chen, J. G. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, H. H. He, J. C. He, H. B. Hu, S. C. Hu, C. Jin, Y. Z. Li, W. W. Tian, Y. P. Wang, Y. J. Wei, G. M. Xiang, Z. Y. You, Z. K. Zeng & K. J. Zhu

  3. TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Y. X. Bai, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, Z. Cao, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, X. L. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, H. L. Dai, X. J. Dong, Z. X. Fan, K. Fang, S. H. Feng, B. Gao, L. S. Geng, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, H. H. He, J. C. He, C. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. C. Hu, Q. L. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, C. Jin, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, J. Li, K. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, C. Liu, J. Liu, J. Y. Liu, W. Liu, H. K. Lv, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, M. Y. Qi, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, B. D. Wang, L. Y. Wang, X. J. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. J. Wei, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, G. Xiao, F. F. Yang, M. J. Yang, Z. G. Yao, L. Q. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, T. X. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, S. S. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, J. Zhao, B. Zhou, K. J. Zhu & X. Zuo

  4. State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China

    Q. An, Z. Cao, J. F. Chang, M. L. Chen, H. L. Dai, M. H. Gu, X. L. Ji, K. Jiang, C. Li, F. Li, J. Li, X. Li, Z. B. Tang, Z. Wang, F. F. Yang, T. X. Zeng, L. Zhao & K. J. Zhu

  5. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China

    Q. An, Z. Cao, K. Jiang, C. Li, H. Y. Li, X. Li, B. Liu, Z. B. Tang, J. Xia, R. Z. Yang, R. Zhang & L. Zhao

  6. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    G. H. Gong, X. J. Hu, Y. N. Liu & Y. M. Ye

  7. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    X. H. Cui, W. W. Tian, J. L. Zhang & H. Zhu

  8. National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Z. B. Sun, C. Wang & F. Zheng

  9. School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Z. Li, B. Q. Ma, H. C. Song & R. X. Xu

  10. Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    D. Bastieri, J. T. Cai, J. H. Fan, S. L. He, Z. Y. Pei, H. G. Wang, H. B. Xiao & L. X. Zhang

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    Y. D. Cui, X. B. He, Y. K. Hor, S. J. Lin, J. S. Liu, P. H. T. Tam, W. Wang, J. Y. Yang & L. L. Yang

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    E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, X. N. Sun & X. G. Wang

  13. Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China

    B. M. Chen, S. W. Cui, B. B. Li, L. Shao, L. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, S. R. Zhang & L. Z. Zhao

  14. School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China

    Y. A. Han & H. D. Liu

  15. School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China

    Y. W. Bao, Y. Chen, Z. G. Dai, R. Y. Liu, X. Y. Wang, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, X. Zhang & P. Zhou

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    J. Chang, Y. Z. Fan, L. Feng, Y. L. Feng, Y. Y. Guo, H. N. He, H. Y. Li, S. M. Liu, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, X. F. Wu, J. Xia, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang & S. P. Zhao

  17. Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China

    C. F. Feng, C. D. Gao, W. Gao, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, W. L. Li, D. Liu, Y. C. Nan, L. P. Wang, L. Xue, N. Yin, Y. H. Yu, H. Y. Zhang, S. P. Zhao & C. G. Zhu

  18. Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China

    L. Chen, G. M. Xiang, Y. Xing & J. N. Zhou

  19. Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    J. L. Liu, J. S. Wang, Z. Wang, D. L. Xu & H. Zhou

  20. School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China

    Axikegu, L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, X. L. Guo, Y. He, D. H. Huang, Z. C. Huang, H. Y. Jia, X. Li, H. Liu, W. J. Long, A. Masood, B. Y. Pang, Q. N. Sun, H. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. X. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. J. Xia, Y. L. Xin, Y. F. Zhang, B. Zhao, Y. Zheng, X. X. Zhou & F. R. Zhu

  21. College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China

    L. X. Bai, J. Chen, S. Hu, Y. Li, Z. X. Liu, Z. H. Wang, C. W. Yang, Y. H. Yao, J. W. Zhang & R. Zhou

  22. Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet, China

    T. L. Chen,  Danzengluobu, Q. Gao & M. Y. Liu

  23. School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China

    H. Cai, W. Wang & G. G. Xin

  24. School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China

    B. Z. Dai, J. Fang, M. M. Ge, Z. J. Jiang, R. Lu, Z. X. Wang, T. Wen, S. B. Yang, W. Zeng, L. Zhang & P. F. Zhang

  25. Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650216, Yunnan, China

    X. Hou, J. R. Mao, J. C. Wang & D. H. Yan

  26. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin, Ireland

    F. Aharonian

  27. Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029, Heidelberg, Germany

    F. Aharonian

  28. Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli

  29. Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 117312

    D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, V. Rulev, O. Shchegolev, Yu. V. Stenkin & V. Stepanov

  30. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 141700

    O. Shchegolev & Yu. V. Stenkin

  31. Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland

    D. della Volpe, M. Heller & T. Montaruli

  32. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand

    W. Mitthumsiri, P. Pattarakijwanich, D. Ruffolo & A. Sáiz

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Correspondence to L. Chen.

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Aharonian, F., An, Q., Axikegu et al. Line-of-shower trigger method to lower energy threshold for GRB detection using LHAASO-WCDA. Radiat Detect Technol Methods 5, 531–541 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-021-00281-6

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