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Remnant cholesterol is associated with hip BMD and low bone mass in young and middle-aged men: a cross-sectional study

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Abstract

Purpose

Remnant cholesterol (RC) is a contributor to cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, the specific relationship between RC and bone metabolism remains unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships of RC with hip bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of low bone mass.

Methods

Physical examination data was collected from men aged < 60 years as part of the Kailuan Study between 2014 and 2018. The characteristics of the participants were compared between RC quartile groups. A generalized linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between RC and hip BMD and a logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low bone mass. Additional analyses were performed after stratification by body mass index (BMI) (≥ or < 24 kg/m2). Sensitivity analyses were performed by excluding individuals who were taking lipid-lowering therapy or had cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes.

Results

Data from a total of 7,053 participants were included in the analysis. After adjustment for confounding factors, RC negatively correlated with hip BMD (β =  − 0.0079, 95% CI: − 0.0133, − 0.0025). The risk of low bone mass increased from the lowest to the highest RC quartile, with ORs of 1 (reference), 1.09 (95% CI: (0.82, 1.44), 1.35 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.77), and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.89) for Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (P for trend = 0.004) in the fully adjusted model. Compared to RC < 0.80 mmol/l group, the risk of low bone mass increased 39% in RC ≥ 0.80 mmol/l group (P < 0.001). The correlation between RC and hip BMD was stronger in participants with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 group (β =  − 0.0159, 95% CI: − 0.0289, − 0.0029). The results of sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main results.

Conclusion

We have identified a negative correlation between serum RC and hip BMD, and a higher RC concentration was found to be associated with a greater risk of low bone mass in young and middle-aged men.

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Data availability

Some of the datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available, but will be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Central Government Guide to Local Governments for the Funding of Development Projects (grant number 226Z7709G); the Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province (grant number H2022209054); the Basic Scientific Research Funds Program of Universities in Hebei Province (grant number JYG2021005); the Project of Innovation Ability Cultivation for Graduate Students in Hebei Province (grant number CXZZBS2022106); and the Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province (grant number H2020209266).

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Author notes

  1. X. Hou and F. Tian contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People’s Republic of China

    X. Hou, F. Tian, L. Guo, Y. Yu, Y. Hu, Z. Yang, J. Wang & L. Xing

  2. Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, People’s Republic of China

    S. Chen, X. Fan, S. Wu & N. Zhang

  3. Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    M. Wang

  4. Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People’s Republic of China

    L. Xing

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Contributions

NZ, FT, and SW designed the study and edited the manuscript. XH and XF performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. LG, YY, and YH collected the data and participated in the statistical analyses. JW and SC collected the data. MW, LX and ZY take responsibility for the integrity of the data. All the authors approved the submission of the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to S. Wu or N. Zhang.

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Research involving human participants and/or animals

This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kailuan General Hospital (approval number: 2006–05).

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All of the participants provided their written informed consent.

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Hou, X., Tian, F., Guo, L. et al. Remnant cholesterol is associated with hip BMD and low bone mass in young and middle-aged men: a cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02279-x

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