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Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Ricinus communis Linn.: Evidence from Pharmacology to Clinical Studies

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Ricinus communis Linn. is a rapidly growing perennial herb (aka Eranda or castor plant) that has long been used to cure a range of ailments in traditional medicine. An extensive search on its ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacotherapeutic potential is completed by meticulously examining information retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Embase, and Infrastructure databases.

Recent Findings

The plant has yielded beneficial chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, sterols, and fatty acids. Several reports are available on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antifertility, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, free radical scavenging activities, antioxidant, and various other biological roles of the crude herb and its metabolites. This review comprehensively discusses the biopotential of R. communis in pain and inflammation, as evident from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, as well as safety and toxicity concerns, various market formulations, and drug-drug interactions. R. communis shows potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity possibly by NF-kB, Nrf2, RAF/ERK, Fas receptor, and caspase-mediate apoptosis and Wnt signalling pathways.

Summary

R. communis is widely distributed globally and is rich in bioactive phytoconstituents with multifaceted therapeutic roles. It modulates numerous inflammatory and biochemical markers and highlights its potential in the management of nociception and inflammation. These findings could pave the way for the identification and developing more effective strategies to combat nociception and inflammatory disorders.

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Data Availability

All data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Abbreviations

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

ERK:

Extracellular-signal regulated kinase

NSAIDs:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines

COX:

Cyclooxygenase enzyme’s

R. communis :

Ricinus communis

EtOAc:

Ethyl acetate

NT:

Not tested

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

MS-MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

UV:

Ultraviolet

H-NMR:

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

ATI-IR:

Attenuated total reflectance

C-NMR:

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

HMGB1:

High mobility group box 1

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

NO:

Nitrogen oxides

IL:

Interleukins

P2RX4:

P2X purinoceptor 4

NLR:

NOD-like receptor

ASC:

Ascorbic acid

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinases

ADAMTS:

Short for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs

TMPD:

N′-tetramethyl-para-phenylenediamine

DPPH:

α, α-Diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

CRP:

C-reactive protein

SOD:

Superoxide dismutases

ABTS + assay:

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

OVCAR:

Overexpress claudin

MCF:

Michigan Cancer Foundation assay

MDA-MB:

M.D. Anderson—Metastatic Breast

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MERS:

Middle East respiratory syndrome

SARS-CoV2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

JAK:

Janus kinase

STAT:

Signal transducers and activators of transcription

ARE:

Antioxidant response element

Keap1:

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein

OECD:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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  1. Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rashmi Gupta, Anand K. Chaudhary & Rohit Sharma

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Gupta, R., Chaudhary, A.K. & Sharma, R. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Ricinus communis Linn.: Evidence from Pharmacology to Clinical Studies. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep. 10, 27–67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-023-00347-7

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