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Do Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenans Modulate Non-apoptotic Regulated Cell Deaths ? (a Review)

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

A growing number of studies indicate that a network of regulated cell death (RCD) pathways plays a vital role in tumorigenesis suggesting its targeting to be a promising therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment. In this review, we firstly systematically summarize the current knowledge on the impact of carrageenans on different non-conventional non-apoptotic RCDs and explore a therapeutic potential of carrageenans as RCDs-modulating agents. Furthermore, we cover the knowledge gaps and controversies in our understanding of cell death-related carrageenan-mediated effects and highlight the directions of further research aiming at studying the pharmacological potential of carrageenans.

Recent Findings

A compelling body of evidence indicates that non-apoptotic RCDs, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy-related cell death, are involved in modulating tumorigenesis and immune response in cancer. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of distinct non-apoptotic RCDs suggest that pharmacological modulation of diverse RCDs is a tempting anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. In particular, carrageenans, which are a group of heterogenous anionic hydrocolloids of polysaccharide nature widely used as food additives (E407 and E407a), have been shown to have anti-viral, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activity. The anti-cancer activity of carrageenans is attributed to a certain extent to activation of apoptosis, but the effects of carrageenan on other RCD modes, which can be targeted in oncopathology, are poorly summarized.

Summary

Anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, and anti-viral properties of marine polysaccharides carrageenans are at least partly explained by their modulation of RCD modalities, primarily pyroptosis. Thus, carrageenans can be considered promising RCD-regulating agents, which can be therapeutically exploitable. Furthermore, we emphasize the need to consider induction of non-conventional RCDs as one of the possible molecular mechanisms of carrageenan toxicity.

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Data Availability

The data that supports this study is available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The study was supported by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in the framework of the research project entitled “Research on the Safety and Effectiveness of Food Additives Carrageenans (E407/E407a) and Their Oligosaccharide Fragments as Therapeutic Agents Capable of Modulating Programmed Cell Death, Namely Eryptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis and Autophagy-Related Cell Death” (state registration number 0123U100179).

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  1. BIOCEV, 1ST Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic

    Anton Tkachenko

  2. Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky Ave, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine

    Anton Tkachenko, Anatolii Onishchenko & Volodymyr Prokopiuk

  3. Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61015, Ukraine

    Volodymyr Prokopiuk

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Conceptualization—A.T.; data collection—A.T., A.O., and V.P.; data analysis—A.T., A.O., and V.P.; original draft writing—A.T.; illustrations—A.O.; proofreading—A.O., A.T., and V.P. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Tkachenko, A., Onishchenko, A. & Prokopiuk, V. Do Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenans Modulate Non-apoptotic Regulated Cell Deaths ? (a Review). Curr. Pharmacol. Rep. 9, 580–601 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-023-00339-7

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