Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ground Improvement Technique to Mitigate Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction for Structures Resting on Pile Foundations

  • Scientific Research Paper
  • Published:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present paper, we evaluate the liquefaction potential of a selected site using standard penetration test results available for the site and investigate the effectiveness of engineering measure by way of ground improvement technique adopted to mitigate earthquake-induced liquefaction in soil. The various field tests of soils and field testing through pile load test carried out to examine the improvement in soil properties are discussed. It is observed there is an appreciable improvement of liquefaction resistance of soil using cement based grouting measures for the selected soil site. The analysis results show that there is significant reduction in vertical settlement (55%) as well as lateral top deflection (65%) of the pile in post-grout scenario when compared to those of pre-grout scenario.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. National Research Council (NRC) (1985) Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes. National Academy Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  2. Puri VK, Prakash S (2008) Pile design in liquefying soil. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference earthquake engineering, Beijing

  3. Prakash S, Puri VK (2009) Recent developments in pile foundations. In: Indian geotech. Conference, Guntur, pp 837–843

  4. Ranjan SK, Pal SK, Singh KK (2015) An approach to improve shallow surface investigation using joint analysis of Rayleigh and Love waves. Curr Sci 109(7):1239–1242

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gupta RK, Agrawal M, Pal SK, Srivastava S, Kumar R (2018) Seismic site characterization through joint analysis of MASW and microtremor data in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. In: AGU fall meeting abstracts, S23C–0544

  6. Gupta RK, Agrawal M, Pal SK, Kumar R, Srivastava S (2019) Site characterization through combined analysis of seismic and electrical resistivity data at a site of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. Environ Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8231-2

  7. Kannaujiya S, Philip G, Champati Ray PK, Pal SK, Taloor AK (2020) Integrated geophysical techniques for subsurface imaging of active deformation across the Himalayan frontal thrust in Singhauli, Kala Amb, India. Quat Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.003

  8. Lin CP, Chang CC, Chang TS (2004) The use of MASW method in the assessment of soil liquefaction. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24(9):689–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Rajni D, Sastry RG, Samadhiya NK (2017) Assessment of soil liquefaction potential based on geoelectrical imaging—A case study. Geophysics 82(6):1–60

    Google Scholar 

  10. Jones PH, Skibitzke HE (1956) Subsurface geophysical methods in groundwater hydrology. J Adv Geophys 3:242–300

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Andrus RD, Stokoe KH (2000) Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity. ASCE, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(11):1015–1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Seed HB, Idriss IM (1971) Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. J Soil Mech Found Division 97(9):1249–1273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Seed HB (1979) Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. J Geotech Eng Division, ASCE 105(2):201–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Seed HB, Idriss IM (1982) Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley

  15. Seed HB, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF Jr, Chung R (1985) Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. J Geotech Eng, ASCE 111(12):1425–1445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Youd TL, Idriss IM (2001) Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(10):817–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Shibata T, Teparaksa W (1988) Evaluation of liquefaction potentials of soils using cone penetration tests. J Soils Found 28(2):49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2006) Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. J Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26(2):115–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2010) SPT based liquefaction triggering procedure. Report of Centre for Geotechnical modelling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, CA

  20. Karastathis VK, Karmis P, Novikova T, Roumelioti Z, Gerolymatou E, Papanastassiou D, Liakopoulos S, Tsombos P, Papadopoulos GA (2010) The contribution of geophysical techniques to site characterisation and liquefaction risk assessment: case study of Nafplion City, Greece. J Appl Geophys 72(3):192–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Babacan AE, Ceylan S (2021) Evaluation of soil liquefaction potential with a holistic approach: a case study from Araklı (Trabzon, Turkey). Bollett Geofis Teor Appl 62(1):173–198

    Google Scholar 

  22. Varaksin S, Hamidi B, Huybrechts N, Denies N (2016) Ground Improvement vs. Pile Foundations. In: ISSMGE-ETC3, international symposium on design of piles, Belgium

  23. Kazemian S, Huat BB (2009) Assessment and comparison of grouting and injection methods in geotechnical engineering. J Eur J Sci Res 27(2):234–247

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sanaz S, Kalantari B (2012) Use of grouting method to improve soil stability against liquefaction—a review. J Electron J Geotech Eng 17:1559–1566

    Google Scholar 

  25. Orense RP (2015) Recent trends in ground improvement methods as counter measure against liquefaction. In: 6th international conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand

  26. Wakeman RC, Evenson A, Thomas M, Pastore J, Blackburn J (2010) Compaction grouting for seismic mitigation of sensitive urban sits. In: 5th international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, CA, paper no 9.02, pp 1–9

  27. Mavituna O, Teymur B (2008) Effect of improving soil as a counter measure for liquefaction. In: 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, pp 12–19

  28. Nguyen TV, Rayamajhi D, Boulanger RW, Ashford SA, Lu J, Elgamal A, Shao L (2012) Effects of DSM grids on shear stress distribution in liquefiable soil. In: Proceedings of the geo. Congress 2012, State of the art and practice in geotechnical engineering, ASCE GSP 255, Oakland, pp 1948–1957

  29. Namikawa T, Koseki J, Suzuki Y (2007) Finite element analysis of lattice-shaped ground improvement by cement-mixing for liquefaction mitigation. J Soils Found 47(3):559–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tong B (2014) A study of effectiveness of ground improvement for liquefaction mitigation. Dissertation, Iowa State University, USA

  31. Boulanger RW, Idriss IM (2006) Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 132(11):1413–1426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. IS 1893 (2016) Indian Standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, part 1-general provisions and buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

  33. Shahien MM (2007) New procedure to estimate liquefaction resistance from penetration resistance using field records. In: 4th international conference earthquake Geotech, Thessaloniki

  34. Idriss I M (1999) An update to the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential. In: Proceedings of the TRB workshop on new approaches to liquefaction, publication no. FHWARD-99–165, Federal Highway Administration, Washington

  35. Seed RB, Cetin KO, Moss RES, Kammerer AM, Wu J, Pestana JM (2003) Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering: a Unified and consistent framework. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotech Spring Seminar, Long Beach

  36. Boulanger RW, Idriss IM (2014) CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures. Report No. UCD/CGM-14/01, Centre for geotechnical modelling, Department of civil and environmental engineering, University of California, Davis

  37. Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2008) Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Oackland

  38. Maheshwari UR, Boominathan A, Dodagoudar GR (2010) Use of surface waves in statistical correlation of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance of Chennai soils: geotechnical and geology. Engineering 28:119–137

    Google Scholar 

  39. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) (1997) Proceedings of the NCEER workshop on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. In: Youd TL, Idriss IM (eds) Technical report NCEER-97–022, NCEER

  40. Seed RB, Harder LF Jr (1990) SPT based analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual strength. In: Proceedings of the H. B. Seed memorial symposium, vol 2. Bi-Tech. Publishing Limited, Richmond, pp 351–376

  41. Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2003) Relating Kα and Kσ to SPT blow count and to CPT tip resistance for use in evaluating liquefaction potential. In: Proceedings of the Dam safety conference, ASDSO, September 7–10, Minneapolis

  42. GDP-9 (2015) Geotechnical Engineering Bureau, Geotechnical design procedure, Liquefaction potential of cohesionless soil. Department of transportation, State of New York

  43. Japan Water Works Association (JWWA) (1997) Seismic design and construction guidelines for water supply facilities. Tokyo, Japan

  44. Japan Road Association (JRA) (1996) Design specifications of highway bridges part V. Seismic Design, Tokyo

  45. Madabhushi G, Knappett J, Haigh S (2010) Design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils. Imperial College Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  46. IS 1498 (1970: Reaffirmed 2007) Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

  47. IS 2131 (1981: Reaffirmed 1997) Method for standard penetration test for soils. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

  48. Shiuly A, Sahu RB, Mandal S (2017) Site specific seismic hazard analysis and determination of response spectra of Kolkata for maximum considered earthquake. J Geophys Eng 14(3):466–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Aggour MS, Rose RW (2001) Standard penetration test (SPT) correction. Maryland State Highway Administration

  50. IS 2911 (1985) Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations, part-4-load test on piles. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors would like to thank Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) and BARC, Mumbai, for providing academic and research support. Authors also acknowledge Swagato Chakraborty and Arnab Roy, CED, BARC for providing technical support during experiment and testing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. HomiBhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400095, India

    M. K. Pradhan

  2. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, 400085, India

    M. K. Pradhan, V. S. Phanikanth & K. Srinivas

  3. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Deepankar Choudhury

Authors
  1. M. K. Pradhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. S. Phanikanth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Deepankar Choudhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Srinivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. S. Phanikanth.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pradhan, M.K., Phanikanth, V.S., Choudhury, D. et al. Ground Improvement Technique to Mitigate Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction for Structures Resting on Pile Foundations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci. 92, 503–519 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-021-00755-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-021-00755-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation