Abstract
The global water crisis has led researchers to explore various wastewater treatment methods not only to mitigate environmental pollution and but also to assure the reusability of wastewater for further use. Synthetic polymer-based adsorbents are quite useful for successfully treating wastewater, but their high-cost production and non-biodegradability have restricted their uses. Hence, a main focus has been exclusively given on naturally derived chitosan/alginate-based polyelectrolyte complexes (CS/Alg-based PECs) as adsorbents because of their remarkable features such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of modification. In this review article, an attempt has been made to systematically evaluate the most recent developments in CS/Alg-based PECs for the wastewater treatment in terms of their formation, stability, patterns of interaction, limitations, physicochemical properties, and trends in removing heavy metals, dyes, etc.
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Abbreviations
- PECs:
-
Polyelectrolyte complexes
- Cs/Alg-based PECs:
-
Chitosan/alginate-based polyelectrolyte complexes
- CANPs:
-
Chitosan–alginate nanoparticle
- [Cu CII) − IIP]:
-
Cu (II) ion-imprinted complex adsorbent
- SA:
-
Sodium alginate
- CTS, Ch:
-
Chitosan
- ALG, AG:
-
Alginate
- EBT:
-
Eriochrome black-T
- Alg/Chit:
-
Alginate/chitosan
- CS-AL:
-
Chitosan and alginate
- PES:
-
Polyethersulfone
- UF:
-
Ultrafiltration membrane
- GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate:
-
Green nano-zerovalent copper/activated carbon/chitosan–alginate nanocomposite
- AC-CS-alginate:
-
Activated carbon/chitosan–alginate nanocomposite
- CDTA-CS/TSC-CA:
-
Hybrid biosorbent was synthesized from cross-linked chitosan modified with 1, 2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) and sodium alginate functionalized with an amino-thiocarbamate moiety
- qm:
-
Adsorption capacity
- CHT/ALG/Fe3O4@SiO2:
-
Magnetic chitosan/alginate/Fe3O4@SiO2 composite
- CS-f-PVA/SA-ENMs:
-
Chitosan functionalized-polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate-electrospun nanofiber membrane
- CACC:
-
Chitosan–alginate-based cross-linked copolymer
- HIB-PECs:
-
Hybrid inorganic-biopolymer polyelectrolyte complexes
- CAM:
-
Chitosan/alginate composite nanofibrous membranes
- CS-AL:
-
Chitosan and alginate nanocomposite
- (CHI-ALG)3.5:
-
Chitosan–sodium alginate multilayer membrane
- TEAE:
-
Triethylenetetramine
- CCT:
-
CaCO3@chitosan
- HCTA:
-
Triethylenetetramine modified chitosan microbeads with multicavity structure encapsulate
- CS0.2-SA0.6 (GA0.3):
-
Polysaccharide hydrogel using chitosan and alginate
- XRD:
-
X-ray powder diffraction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- EDS:
-
Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric analyses
- EPR:
-
Electron paramagnetic resonance
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- CCS:
-
Chitosan-coated silica
- CCCA:
-
Chitosan-coated calcium alginate
- CA:
-
Calcium alginate
- CCM:
-
Calcium-coated chitosan hydrochloride
- Mag-Ben/CCS/Alg:
-
Magnetic bentonite/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate
- 3NMCMCA-TiO2:
-
Hybrid biocomposite using modified chitosan (N-maleated chitosan) and amino-thiocarbamate functionalized calcium alginate and incorporated with titania nanoparticles
- KKA:
-
Activated carbon/chitosan/alginate beads
- MB:
-
Methylene blue
- MV 2B:
-
Methyl violet 2B
- Cht/Alg/Fe-NPs composite:
-
Chitosan/alginate nanocomposite incorporated with phycosynthesized iron nanoparticles
- PS/Fe-Chitol:
-
Activated persulfate-Fe (II)-immobilized chitosan/alginate composite
- Ca-DTCS/ALG:
-
DTPA-chitosan/alginate composite beads
- M-Z/CS/AL:
-
Magnetic zeolite/chitosan/Alginate bionanocomposite
- Fe-CS-Alg:
-
Fe3+ loaded chitosan and alginate hybrid beads
- MagBen/CCS/ALG:
-
Magnetic bentonite/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate
- M-ZnO/PVA/Alg/CS:
-
Magnetic zinc oxide hybridized poly (vinyl alcohol)/alginate/chitosan
- MZ/CS/AL:
-
Magnetic composite using chitosan, sodium alginate and impregnated with natural clinoptilolite
- CESA:
-
Chitosan and electrospun sodium alginate nanofibres adsorbent
- ALG-CHz:
-
Chitosan immobilized in alginate beads
- M-IACBS:
-
Iron-loaded magnetic alginate-chitosan double-gel interpenetrated porous beads
- SA/CCS/P:
-
Sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan/modified kaolin composite hydrogel beads
- M-ACPBs:
-
Magnetic alginate-chitosan porous beads based on iron sludge
- CMCS-OA-NaAlg:
-
Oxalic acid cross-linked sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel
- TB:
-
Biochar, solid residues from the pyrolysis
- TBM:
-
Solid residues from the pyrolysis immersed in MgCl2
- TBM-A:
-
Biochar alginate microsphere
- TBM-C:
-
Biochar chitosan alginate microsphere
- NIBPEGCs:
-
Non-stoichiometric interbiopolyelectrolyte green complex
- DE:
-
Distilled water
- PAA:
-
Polyacrylic acid
- BPE:
-
Bio-polyelectrolyte
- BBS-GC:
-
Biowaste-derived substances isolated from green compost
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Yadav, D., Dutta, J. A systematic review on recent development of chitosan/alginate-based polyelectrolyte complexes for wastewater treatment. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 3381–3406 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05244-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05244-6