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Elemental Compositions of Earthquake-Stricken Soil from the Vicinity of the Epicenter at Eurasian and Indian Tectonic Plates Using Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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Abstract

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for analyzing the impact of earthquake on the elemental distribution of the soil, collected from the earthquake-stricken locations near Eurasian and Indian Tectonic Plates in the Kashmir Valley. The quantitative elemental analysis was carried out using an advanced calibration-free LIBS technique, assuming the establishment of optically thin plasma under the local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The results exhibited that the soil has nearly random concentration distribution of metallic elements such as Al, Na, and K, nonmetallic element P, micronutrients such as Fe and Si and secondary macronutrients such as Ca, S, and Mg, in and around the radius of 9 km from the epicenter of the earthquake. It is exhibited that the concentration of carbon in particular is the highest near the epicenter and declines systematically with the outward radial distance. The quantitative analysis by LIBS was confirmed and counter verified through the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES), and results achieved by both the techniques (LIBS and ICP–OES) are in good agreement.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for supporting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Science, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    R. Muhammad & K. Rehan

  2. Laser Research Group, Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 5047, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    M. A. Gondal & M. A. Dastageer

  3. Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia

    R. K. Aldakheel & M. A. Almessiere

  4. Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia

    R. K. Aldakheel & M. A. Almessiere

  5. State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China

    K. Rehan

  6. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    D. Domyati

  7. Physics Department, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    I. Rehan

  8. Chemistry Department, Islamia University, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    S. Sultana

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  1. I. Rehan
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  2. M. A. Gondal
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  4. M. A. Dastageer
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  5. R. K. Aldakheel
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  6. M. A. Almessiere
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  7. R. Muhammad
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Correspondence to M. A. Gondal.

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Rehan, I., Gondal, M.A., Sultana, S. et al. Elemental Compositions of Earthquake-Stricken Soil from the Vicinity of the Epicenter at Eurasian and Indian Tectonic Plates Using Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 6101–6108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05503-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05503-z

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