Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Novel Anoxybacillus flavithermus AK1: A Thermophile Isolated from a Hot Spring in Saudi Arabia

  • Research Article - Biological Sciences
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Anoxybacillus flavithermus AK1 is a thermophilic bacterium that is able to survive at temperatures ranging from 55 to 60\({^{\circ}}\hbox {C}\). The AK1 strain was isolated from the hot spring “Al-Ain Alhara” located at a distance of 50 km southeast of the city of Gazan, Saudi Arabia. This study presents the morphological characterization of A. flavithermus AK1, including a detailed description of its complete genome sequence. A total of 50 contigs were used to produce a genome sequence of 2,630,664 bp that includes 2724 protein-coding genes and 75 RNA genes, 18 of which are rRNA genes. A comparison of this genome sequence with those of Anoxybacillus flavithermus strains that were previously submitted to NCBI revealed that the AK1 strain has the smallest genome size with the highest GC content. The strain can therefore be exploited for several biotechnological applications based on its high thermophilic potential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Seckbach, J.: Journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds: Adaptation to Exotic Environments, vol. 2. Springer, Berlin (2000)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Eisenmenger, M.J.; Reyes-De-Corcuera, J.I.: High pressure enhancement of enzymes: a review. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 45(5), 331–347 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Madigan, M.T.; Martinko, J.M.; Parker, J.; Fernández, M.G.; Fernández, C.R.; Pérez, M.S.: Brock Biología de los microorganismos. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Madigan, M.T.; Martinko, J.M.: Brock Mikrobiologie. Pearson Deutschland GmbH, Hallbergmoos (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Heinen, W.; Lauwers, A.M.; Mulders, J.W.M.: Bacillus flavothermus, a newly isolated facultative thermophile. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 48(3), 265–272 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bolton, D.J.; Kelly, C.T.; Fogarty, W.M.: Purification and characterization of the \(\upalpha \)-amylase of Bacillus flavothermus. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 20(5), 340–343 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lauwers, A.M.; Heinen, W.: Thermal properties of enzymes from Bacillus flavothermus, grown between 34 and \(70\,^{\circ}\text{C}\). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49(2), 191–201 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sunna, A.; Prowe, S.G.; Stoffregen, T.; Antranikian, G.: Characterization of the xylanases from the new isolated thermophilic xylan-degrading Bacillus thermoleovorans strain K-3d and Bacillus flavothermus strain LB3A. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 148(2), 209–216 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Byers, H.K.; Stackebrandt, E.; Hayward, C.; Blackall, L.L.: Molecular investigation of a microbial mat associated with the Great Artesian Basin. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 25(4), 391–403 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Nold, S.C.; Kopczynski, E.D.; WardD, M.: Cultivation of aerobic chemoorganotrophic proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria from a hot spring microbial mat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(11), 3917–3921 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Pikuta, E.; Lysenko, A.; Chuvilskaya, N.; Mendrock, U.; Hippe, H.; Suzina, N.; Nikitin, D.; Osipov, G.; Laurinavichius, K.: Anoxybacillus pushchinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, alkaliphilic, moderately thermophilic bacterium from manure, and description of Anoxybacillus flavitherms comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50(Pt 6), 2109–2117 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dai, J.; Liu, Y.; Lei, Y.; Gao, Y.; Han, F.; Xiao, Y.; Peng, H.: A new subspecies of Anoxybacillus flavithermus ssp. yunnanensis ssp. nov. with very high ethanol tolerance. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 320(1), 72–78 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Goh, K.M.; Gan, H.M.; Chan, K.-G.; Chan, G.F.; Shahar, S.; Chong, C.S.; Kahar, U.M.; Chai, K.P.: Analysis of Anoxybacillus genomes from the aspects of lifestyle adaptations, prophage diversity, and carbohydrate metabolism. PLoS ONE 9(3), e90549 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gul-Guven, R.; Guven, K.; Poli, A.; Nicolaus, B.: Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis subsp. asaccharedens subsp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring in Batman. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 54(6), 327–334 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Khalil, A.; Sivakumar, N.; Qarawi, S.: Genome sequence of Anoxybacillus flavithermus strain AK1, a thermophile isolated from a hot spring in Saudi Arabia. Genome Announc. 3(3), e00604-15 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Khalil, A.; Salim, M.; Sallal, A.: Enumeration of thermotolerant bacteria from recreational thermal ponds in Jordan. Cytobios 96, 57–63 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cheong, W.H.; Tan, Y.C.; Yap, S.J.; Ng, K.P.: ClicO FS: an interactive web-based service of circos. Bioinformatics 31(22), 3685–3687 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saw, J.H.; Mountain, B.W.; Feng, L.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Hou, S.; Saito, J.A.; Stott, M.B.; Li, D.; Zhao, G.; Wu, J.; Galperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Wolf, Y.I.; Rigden, D.J.; Dunfield, P.F.; Wang, L.; Alam, M.: Encapsulated in silica: genome, proteome and physiology of the thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus flavithermus WK1. Genome Biol. 9, R161 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Caspers, M.P.; Boekhorst, J.; Abee, T.; Siezen, R.J.; Kort, R.: Complete genome sequence of Anoxybacillus flavithermus TNO-09.006, a thermophilic sporeformer associated with a dairy-processing environment. Genome Announc. 1(1), e00010-13 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, M.; Gao, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Peng, H.: Non-contiguous finished genome sequence of Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis type strain (E13(T)), a strictly thermophilic and organic solvent-tolerant bacterium. Stand. Genom. Sci. 9(3), 735–743 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rozanov, A.S.; Bryanskaya, A.V.; Kotenko, A.V.; Malup, T.K.; Peltek, S.E.: Draft genome sequence of Anoxybacillus flavithermus strain 25, isolated from the Garga hot spring in the Barguzin Valley, Baikal Region, Russian Federation. Genome Announc. 2(6), e01258-14 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Belduz, A.O.; Canakci, S.; Chan, K.G.; Kahar, U.M.; Chan, C.S.; Yaakop, A.S.; Goh, K.M.: Genome sequence of Anoxybacillus ayderensis AB04 T isolated from the Ayder hot spring in Turkey. Stand. Genom. Sci. 10(1), 70 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Berendsen, E.M.; Wells-Bennik, M.H.; Krawczyk, A.O.; de Jong, A.; van Heel, A.; Holsappel, S.; Eijlander, R.T.; Kuipers, O.P.: Draft genome sequences of seven thermophilic spore-forming bacteria isolated from foods that produce highly heat-resistant spores, comprising Geobacillus spp., Caldibacillus debilis, and Anoxybacillus flavithermus. Genome Announc. 30:4(3), e00105-16 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Goh, K.M.; Gan, H.M.; Chan, K.G.; Chan, G.F.; Shahar, S.; Chong, C.S.; Kahar, U.M.; Chai, K.P.: Analysis of Anoxybacillus genomes from the aspects of lifestyle adaptations, prophage diversity, and carbohydrate metabolism. PLoS ONE 9(3), e90549 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Trivedi, S.; Rao, S.R.; Gehlot, H.S.: Nucleic acid stability in thermophilic prokaryotes: a review. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 61–69 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nishio, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; Kawarabayasi, Y.; Usuda, Y.; Kimura, E.; Sugimoto, S.; Matsui, K.; Yamagishi, A.; Kikuchi, H.; Ikeo, K.; Gojobori, T.: Comparative complete genome sequence analysis of the amino acid replacements responsible for the thermostability of Corynebacterium efficiens. Genome Res. 13(7), 1572–1579 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Musto, H.; Naya, H.; Zavala, A.; Romero, H.; Alvarez-Valín, F.; Bernardi, G.: Genomic GC level, optimal growth temperature, and genome size in prokaryotes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347(1), 1–3 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Šmarda, P.; Bureš, P.; Horová, L.; Leitch, I.J.; Mucina, L.; Pacini, E.; Rotreklová, O.: Ecological and evolutionary significance of genomic GC content diversity in monocots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(39), E4096–E4102 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jiang, D.; Li, P.; Jiang, Z.; Dai, X.; Zhang, R.; Wang, Y.; et al.: Chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidation by a thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus strain TCC9-4 from a hot spring in Tengchong of Yunnan, China. Front Microbiol. 6, 360 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Goh, K.M.; Kahar, U.M.; Chai, Y.Y.; Chong, C.S.; Chai, K.P.; Ranjani, V.; et al.: Recent discoveries and applications of Anoxybacillus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97, 1475–1488 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Beris, F.S.; De Smet, L.; Karaoglu, H.; Canakci, S.; Van Beeumen, J.; Belduz, A.O.: The ATPase activity of the G2alt gene encoding an aluminium tolerance protein from Anoxybacillus gonensis G2. J Microbiol. 49, 641–650 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Amjad Khalil

  2. Biosciences Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Neelamegam Sivakumar & Sami Qarawi

  3. Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Muhammad Arslan

Authors
  1. Amjad Khalil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neelamegam Sivakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Arslan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sami Qarawi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amjad Khalil.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (xlsx 41 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khalil, A., Sivakumar, N., Arslan, M. et al. Novel Anoxybacillus flavithermus AK1: A Thermophile Isolated from a Hot Spring in Saudi Arabia. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 73–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2622-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2622-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation