Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes

  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two modified electrodes (Pb/PbO2 and C/PbO2) were prepared by electrodepositing a lead oxide layer on lead and carbon substrates. These modified electrodes were used as anodes for the generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process of NaOCl generation, including current density, pH values, conductive electrolytes, and electrolysis time, were studied and optimized. By comparison the C/PbO2 electrode shows a higher efficiency than the Pb/PbO2 electrode for the generation of NaOCl.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G.F. Connell, The Chlorination/Chloramination Handbook: Water Disinfection Series, American Water Works Association, Denver, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  2. US Environmental Protection Agency, Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual, EPA 815-R-99-014, USA, 1999.

  3. C.H. Yang, C.C. Lee, and T.C. Wen, Hypochlorite generation on Ru-Pt binary oxide for treatment of dye wastewater, J. Appl. Electrochem., 30(2000) p.1043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. D. Rajkumar and J.G. Kim, Oxidation of various reactive dyes with in situ electro-generated active chlorine for textile dyeing industry wastewater treatment, J. Hazard. Mater., 136(2006) p.203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K. Scott, Electrochemical Processes for Clean Technology, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1995, p.189.

    Google Scholar 

  6. D. Pletcher and F.C. Walsh, Industrial Electrochemistry, 2nd. Ed., Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  7. D. Rajkumar, J.G. Kim, and K. Palanivelu, Indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol in the presence of chloride for wastewater treatment, Chem. Eng. Technol., 28(2005), p.98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. K. Asokan and K. Subramanian, Design of a tank electrolyser for in-situ generation of NaClO, [in] Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco, 2009, p.139.

  9. D.E. Gerhardt and H.N. Williams, Factors affecting the stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions used to disinfect dental impressions, Quintessence Int., 22(1991), p.587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J.A. Cottone and J.A. Molinari, Selection for dental practice of chemical disinfectants and sterilants for hepatitis and AIDS, Aust. Dent. J., 32(1987), p.368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. B. Pişkin and M. Türkün, Stability of various sodium hypochlorite solutions, J. Endodont., 21(1995), p.253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. G. Gordon, L.C. Adam, B.P. Bubnis, C. Kuo, R.S. Cushing, and R.H. Sakaji, Predicting liquid bleach decomposition, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(1997), p.142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T.M. Fabian and S.E. Walker, Stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 39(1982), p.1016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. Pappalardo, F. Tanner, D. Roussianos, and A. Pannatier, Efficacy and stability of two chlorine-containing antiseptics, Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 12(1986) p.905.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. B.R. Johnson and N.A. Remeikis, Effective shelf-life of prepared sodium hypochlorite, J. Endodont., 19(1993), p.40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. G. Gambarini, Chemical stability of heated sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigants, J. Endodont., 24(1998), p.432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. N. Krstajić, V. Nakić, and M. Spasojević, Hypochlorite production: I. A model of the cathodic reactions, J. Appl. Electrochem., 17(1987) p.77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. C.Y. Cheng and G.H. Kelsall, Model of hypochlorite production in electrochemical reactors with plate and porous anode, J. Appl. Electrochem., 37(2007) p.1203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S.Y. Bashtan, V.V. Goncharuk, R.D. Chebotareva, V.N. Belyakov, and V.M. Linkov, Production of sodium hypochlorite in an electrolyser equipped with a ceramic membrane, Desalination, 126(1999) p.77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S.Y. Bashtan, V.V. Goncharuk, R.D. Chebotareva, and V.M. Linkov, Sodium hypochlorite production in an electrolyzing cell with a ceramic membrane, Russ. J. Electrochem., 37(2001), p.782.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. L. Petkov, T. Todorov, L. Dardanova, and K. Boshnakov, Mathematical modelling of the process of electrochemical production of NaClO from diluted chloride solutions, J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall., 41(2006), p.133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C. P. De Pauli and S. Trasatti, Composite materials for electrocatalysis of O2 evolution: IrO2+SnO2 in acid solution, J. Electroanal. Chem., 538–539(2002) p.145.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. de Oliveira-Sousa, M.A.S. da Silva, S.A.S. MacHado, L.A. Avaca, and P. de Lima-Neto, Influence of the preparation method on the morphological and electrochemical properties of Ti/IrO2-coated electrodes, Electrochim. Acta, 45(2000), p.4467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. C.C. Hu, C.H. Lee, and T.C. Wen, Oxygen evolution and hypochlorite production on Ru-Pt binary oxides, J. Appl. Electrochem., 26(1996) p.72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C.H. Yang, Hypochlorite production on Ru-Sn binary oxide electrode and its application in treatment of dye wastewater, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 77(1999) p.1161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A.M. Polacro, S. Palmas, F. Renoldi, and M. Mascia, On the performance of Ti/SnO2 and Ti/PbO2 anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-chlorophenol for wastewater treatment, J. Appl. Electrochem., 29(1999), p.147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. K.C. Narasimham and H.V.K. Udupa, Preparation and applications of graphite substrate lead dioxide (GSLD) anode, J. Electrochem. Soc., 123(1976), p.1294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. V.T. Lieu and G.E. Kalbus, Analysis of hypochlorite in commercial liquid bleaches by coulometric titration, J. Chem. Educ., 52(1975) p.335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. O.Ž. Pavlović, N.V. Krstajić, and M.D. Spasojević, Formation of bromates at a RuO2/TiO2 titanium anode, Surf. Coat. Technol., 34(1988), p.177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. J. St-Pierre and A.A. Wragg, Behavior of electrogenerated hydrogen and oxygen bubbles in narrow gap cells: Part II. Application in chlorine production, Electrochim. Acta, 38(1993), p.1705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Kraft, M. Stadelmann, M. Blaschke, D. Kreysig, B. Sandt, F. Schröder, and J. Rennau, Electrochemical water disinfection: Part 1. Hypochlorite production from very dilute chloride solutions, J. Appl. Electrochem,, 29(1999), p.861.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. C. Ronco and G.J. Mishkin, Disinfection by sodium hypochlorite: dialysis application, Contrib Nephrol., 154(2007), p.7.

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Morita, C. Iwakura, and H. Tamura, The anodic characteristics of manganese dioxide electrodes prepared by thermal decomposition of manganese nitrate, Electrochim. Acta, 22(1977), p.325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. G.H. Kelsall, Hypochlorite electro-generation: I. A parametric study of a parallel plate electrode cell, J. Appl. Electrochem., 14(1984) p.177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. P.F. Chao, J. Borchardt, M. Priest, and Z. Liu, On-site chlorine generation feasibility study, [in] Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2007, p.943.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nasser Abu Ghalwa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ghalwa, N.A., Tamos, H., ElAskalni, M. et al. Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes. Int J Miner Metall Mater 19, 561–566 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-012-0596-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-012-0596-0

Keywords

Navigation