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Divergence, diet, and disease: the identification of group identity, landscape use, health, and mobility in the fifth- to sixth-century AD burial community of Echt, the Netherlands

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Abstract

This study aims to better understand the development of group identity, mobility, and health in the Early Medieval Meuse Valley. This is achieved by combining existing demographic and palaeopathological information from 73 cremation deposits from Echt, the Netherlands, with new strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and strontium concentrations ([Sr]) that are performed on pars petrosa, diaphysis, and rib fragments. Although the surrounding Early Medieval cemeteries practiced inhumation, the initial burial community of Echt persisted in expressing the divergent burial ritual of cremation. Thirty-two radiocarbon dates demonstrate the fifth- to sixth-century cremation deposits to be chronologically separated from the seventh-century inhumations that were preserved in situ, suggesting a subsequent burial community replaced cremation with inhumation in the seventh century. Nutritionally inadequate diets may have contributed to the relatively high prevalence of porotic hyperostosis (~ 34%), resulting from decreasing foods supplies caused by deteriorating climatic conditions. The inhabitants are postulated to have mainly consumed foods originating from the land directly surrounding their farmsteads, expressed by the great variability in the 87Sr/86Sr of the diaphyses and ribs (0.7096 to 0.7131), matching the geological complexity of the area. The lack of significant differences between the 87Sr/86Sr and [Sr] of ribs and diaphyses connotes little change in the geological origin of the foods occurred over time, stressing the importance of the yield of local harvests. In contrast, large differences in childhood (i.e. pars petrosa) vs. adult (i.e. ribs and diaphyses) 87Sr/86Sr suggest the regional movement of individuals to possibly support inter-farmstead relationships (e.g. via marriages).

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Acknowledgements

This project was made possible thanks to the financial support of the FWO-FRS-FNRS with the EOS project No. 30999782 CRUMBEL. Cremations, Urns and Mobility – Ancient Population Dynamics in Belgium. We would like to thank the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO) for E. Stamataki’s and M. Hlad’s doctoral fellowships, for R. Annaert’s special doctoral fellowship, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) for A. Sengeløv’s doctoral fellowship and C. Snoeck’s post-doctoral fellowship. We are thankful to F. Lippok and F. Theuws (Leiden Universiteit) for their valuable help. Thanks to G. Thijssen (GEM Bocage Beheer B.V.) and S. Kusters (Depot Limburg) for giving us access to the collection of Echt-Bocage. G. Capuzzo would like to thank G. Bowen for organizing the SPATIAL Short Course - Isotopes in Biogeochemistry & Ecology at the University of Utah.

Availability of data and material

Full data set is available in the paper (main text and as supplementary information) and will be shared in the online database IsoArch (Salesse et al. 2018).

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Funding

This study is supported by the FWO/F.R.S.-FNRS - EoS project CRUMBEL (30999782).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Art Sciences and Archaeology, Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Barbara Veselka, Rica Annaert, Sarah Dalle, Marta Hlad, Elisavet Stamataki, Dries Tys & Christophe Snoeck

  2. Research Unit: Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Barbara Veselka, Kevin Salesse & Christophe Snoeck

  3. Research Unit: Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

    Giacomo Capuzzo, Marta Hlad, Charlotte Sabaux, Amanda Sengeløv, Elisavet Stamataki & Martine Vercauteren

  4. Flemish Heritage Agency, Brussels, Belgium

    Rica Annaert

  5. G-Time Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

    Nadine Mattielli & Christophe Snoeck

  6. Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels, Belgium

    Mathieu Boudin

  7. Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Sarah Dalle, Charlotte Sabaux, Amanda Sengeløv & Guy De Mulder

  8. UMR 5199: PACEA, De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environment et Anthropologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

    Kevin Salesse

  9. Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine, Department of History, Arts, and Archaeology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

    Eugène Warmenbol

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  1. Barbara Veselka
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Veselka, B., Capuzzo, G., Annaert, R. et al. Divergence, diet, and disease: the identification of group identity, landscape use, health, and mobility in the fifth- to sixth-century AD burial community of Echt, the Netherlands. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 97 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01348-7

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