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Potato Nitrogen Response and Soil Microbial Activity as Affected by Fumigation

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Abstract

In North America, potato early dying is often controlled using soil fumigants. Fumigants confer benefits on plant health but also impact soil microbial activity, including nitrogen (N) cycling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two soil fumigants, chloropicrin and metam sodium, on potato crop yield, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE), as well as soilborne pathogens, soil microbial respiration rates and soil concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3-N. We established a field study with a split-plot randomized complete block design in 2016 and 2017, with whole plots divided among three fumigation treatments (no fumigant, chloropicrin, or metam sodium) and split into five subplots, each receiving a different total application rate of N (45, 135, 202, 269, or 336 kg·ha−1 N). Both fumigants suppressed Verticillium dahliae propagule concentrations and foliar symptoms of potato early dying while increasing yield, final tuber set, N uptake, and NUE. Fumigation did not affect the agronomic optimum N rate, nor the response of marketable yield to N rate, but it did increase yield per unit N applied (partial factor productivity) by 16% and 35% over the non-fumigated controls in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Chloropicrin, but not metam sodium, reduced the prevalence of common scab symptoms in tubers. Both fumigants decreased microbial respiration rates before planting and at midseason. Fumigants reduced nitrification rates before planting and at midseason, with chloropicrin having a particularly strong effect before planting. While fumigation conferred benefits to yield and NUE, its effects on microbial community structure and function merit further study.

Resumen

En NorteAmérica, la muerte temprana de la papa a menudo se controla utilizando fumigantes del suelo. Los fumigantes confieren beneficios sobre la sanidad de las plantas, pero también impactan la actividad microbiana del suelo, incluido el ciclo del nitrógeno (N). El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de dos fumigantes del suelo, cloropicrina y metam sodio, en el rendimiento del cultivo de papa, la absorción de N y la eficiencia de uso de N (NUE), así como en los patógenos del suelo, tasas de respiración microbiana del suelo y concentraciones del suelo de NH4+-N y NO3--N. Establecimos un estudio de campo con un diseño de bloques completos aleatorios de parcelas divididas en 2016 y 2017, con parcelas completas divididas en tres tratamientos de fumigación (sin fumigante, cloropicrina o metam sodio) y dividido en cinco sublotes, cada uno recibiendo una dosis de aplicación total diferente de N (45, 135, 202, 269 o 336 kg·ha-1 N). Ambos fumigantes suprimieron concentraciones del propágulo de Verticillium dahliae y síntomas foliares de muerte temprana de la papa mientras que aumentaron el rendimiento, tuberización final, sbsorción de N, y NUE. La fumigación no afectó la tasa de N óptima agronómica, ni la respuesta de rendimiento comercial a la tasa de N, pero aumentó el rendimiento por unidad N aplicada (productividad parcial del factor) en un 16% y 35% sobre los trdyigos no fumigados en 2016 y 2017, respectivamente. Cloropicrina, pero no metam sódio, redujo la prevalencia de síntomas de la roña común en tubérculos. Ambos fumigantes disminuyeron las tasas de respiración microbiana antes de la siembra y a mitad del ciclo de cultivo. Los fumigantes redujeron las tasas de nitrificación antes de la siembra y a mitad de temporada, con la cloropicrina teniendo un efecto fuerte antes de plantar. Si bien la fumigación confirió beneficios al rendimiento y a la NUE, sus efectos en la estructura de la comunidad microbiana merecen estudio adicional.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Minnesota Agricultural Fertilizer Research and Education Council, TriEst Ag Group, Incorporated, and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture AGRI crop Research grant program for providing funding for this research. We would also like to thank Matthew McNearney, Ronald Faber, Lindsey Otto-Hanson, and their crews for field maintenance and Dean Peterson and his crew for disease assessments.

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Correspondence to Carl J. Rosen.

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Crants, J.E., Kinkel, L.L., Dundore-Arias, J.P. et al. Potato Nitrogen Response and Soil Microbial Activity as Affected by Fumigation. Am. J. Potato Res. 98, 285–303 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-021-09843-2

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