Abstract
Adulteration of alcoholic beverages is a worldwide concern for authorities, mainly due to risks to human health. This report describes the use of portable analytical platforms combined with chemometrics to trace the authenticity profile of whisky. Rapid analysis by miniaturized methodologies based on separation and colorimetric reactions as well as pH and conductivity measurements is proposed as a strategy for forensic screening at the point of need. Anionic profiles of whisky were obtained using a microchip electrophoresis system with integrated contactless conductivity detection. The indirect detection of caramel and the determination of alcohol content were performed by colorimetric reactions on paper-based analytical devices, which were explored in single microzones and foldable devices, respectively. These methodologies were successfully applied to a total of 50 whisky samples, 45 of which were adulterated and 5 authentic. A correlation study involving these markers and their analytical response through different techniques was then performed. A chemometric tool employing all these parameters was able to distinguish more than 90% of adulterated samples from authentic ones, demonstrating that the proposed methodology is effective for mapping whisky samples. These portable methods have great potential for use at the site of apprehension, due to the low consumption of samples and speed of analysis.
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Data Availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Institute of Criminalistics (Brasilia, Brazil) and especially Dr. Márcio Talhavini for providing the adulterated samples and for all the technical information provided to help us in the development of this project.
Funding
This study was supported by CAPES, CNPq (grants 308140/2016–8, 307554/2020–1, and 405620/2021–7), CAPES, and INCTBio (grant 465389/2014–7). CAPES and CNPq are also recognized for the scholarships and researcher fellowship granted to the authors.
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Kariolanda C. A. Rezende: conceptualization, methodology, investigations, data analysis, draft preparation, and writing; Lucas M. Duarte: conceptualization, methodology, investigations, and writing; Kemilly M. P. Pinheiro: methodology and data analysis; Thiago M. G. Cardoso: data analysis; Sandro A. Nogueira: data analysis; Wendell K. T. Coltro: conceptualization, supervision, review, and editing.
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Kariolanda C. A. Rezende declares that she has no conflict of interest. Lucas M. Duarte declares that he has no conflict of interest. Kemilly M. P. Pinheiro declares that she has no conflict of interest. Thiago M. G. Cardoso declares that he has no conflict of interest. Sandro A. Nogueira declares that he has no conflict of interest. Wendell K. T. Coltro declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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Rezende, K.C.A., Duarte, L.M., Pinheiro, K.M.P. et al. Portable Analytical Platforms Associated with Chemometrics for Rapid Screening of Whisky Adulteration. Food Anal. Methods 15, 2451–2461 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02303-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02303-5