References
Shen W Z, Zhao Y X, Liu F. Highlights of mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2021. Frontiers in Energy, 2022, 16(1): 1–8
Shen W Z, Zhao Y X, Liu F. Highlights of mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2022. Frontiers in Energy, 2023, 17(1): 9–15
JinkoSolar Website. JinkoSolar sets new records for cell, module, and tandem efficiency successively. 2023-11-10
LONGi Website. LONGi sets a new world record of 27.09% for the efficiency of silicon heterojunction back-contact (HBC) solar cells. 2023-12-19
Schmidt J, Peibst R, Brendel R. Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: Present and future. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2018, 187: 39–54
Richter A, Hermle M, Glunz S W. Reassessment of the limiting efficiency for crystalline silicon solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2013, 3(4): 1184–1191
Aberle A G, Glunz S W, Stephens A W, et al. High efficiency silicon solar cell: Si/SiO2 interface parameters and their impact on device performance. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 1994, 2(4): 265–273
Fırat M, Sivaramakrishnan Radhakrishnan H, Singh S, et al. Industrial metallization of fired passivating contacts for n-type tunnel oxide passivated contact (n-TOPCon) solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 240: 111692
Kruse C N, Wolf M, Schinke C, et al. Impact of contacting geometries when measuring fill factors of solar cell current-voltage characteristics. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2017, 7(3): 747–754
Chen K J, Hartweg B, Woodhouse M, et al. Self-aligned selective area front contacts on poly-Si/SiOx passivating contact c-Si solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2022, 12(3): 678–689
Ding D, Lu G L, Li Z P, et al. High-efficiency n-type silicon PERT bifacial solar cells with selective emitters and poly-Si based passivating contacts. Solar Energy, 2019, 193: 494–501
Richter A, Benick J, Müller R, et al. Tunnel oxide passivating electron contacts as full-area rear emitter of high-efficiency p-type silicon solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2018, 26(8): 579–586
Lin W, Chen D, Liu C, et al. Green-laser-doped selective emitters with separate BBr3 diffusion processes for high-efficiency n-type silicon solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 210: 110462
Xiao M L, Yang Z H, Liu Z K, et al. SiOx/polysilicon selective emitter prepared by PECVD-deposited amorphous silicon plus one-step firing enabling excellent J0,met of < 235 fA/cm2 and ρc of < 2 mΩ·cm2. Solar Energy, 2023, 262: 111887
Großer S, Krassowski E, Swatek S, et al. Microscale contact formation by laser enhanced contact optimization. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2022, 12(1): 26–29
Fellmeth T, Höffler H, Mack S, et al. Laser-enhanced contact optimization on iTOPCon solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2022, 30(12): 1393–1399
Padhamnath P, Khanna A, Balaji N, et al. Progress in screen-printed metallization of industrial solar cells with SiOx/poly-Si passivating contacts. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 218: 110751
Steinhauser B, Polzin J I, Feldmann F, et al. Excellent surface passivation quality on crystalline silicon using industrial-scale direct-plasma TOPCon deposition technology. Solar RRL, 2018, 2(7): 1800068
Lin H, Yang M, Ru X, et al. Silicon heterojunction solar cells with up to 26.81% efficiency achieved by electrically optimized nanocrystalline-silicon hole contact layers. Nature Energy, 2023, 8(8): 789–799
Yu C, Gao K, Peng C W, et al. Industrial-scale deposition of nanocrystalline silicon oxide for 26.4%-efficient silicon heterojunction solar cells with copper electrodes. Nature Energy, 2023, 8(12): 1375–1385
Yu J, Li J, Zhao Y, et al. Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: Process, reliability and challenges. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 224: 110993
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Best research—Cell efficiency chart. 2024, available at website of NREL
Green M A, Dunlop E D, Siefer G, et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 61). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2023, 31(1): 3–16
Park J, Kim J, Yun H S, et al. Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides. Nature, 2023, 616(7958): 724–730
Green M A, Dunlop E D, Yoshita M, et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 62). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2023, 31(7): 651–663
Zhao Y, Ma F, Qu Z, et al. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells. Science, 2022, 377(6605): 531–534
Green M A, Dunlop E D, Yoshita M, et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 63). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2024, 32(1): 3–13
Peng W, Mao K, Cai F, et al. Reducing nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells with a porous insulator contact. Science, 2023, 379(6633): 683–690
Liu C, Yang Y, Chen H, et al. Bimolecularly passivated interface enables efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Science, 2023, 382(6672): 810–815
Zhang S, Ye F, Wang X, et al. Minimizing buried interfacial defects for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Science, 2023, 380(6643): 404–409
Li Z, Sun X, Zheng X, et al. Stabilized hole-selective layer for high-performance inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Science, 2023, 382(6668): 284–289
Park S M, Wei M, Lempesis N, et al. Low-loss contacts on textured substrates for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature, 2023, 624(7991): 289–294
Yu S, Xiong Z, Zhou H, et al. Homogenized NiOx nanoparticles for improved hole transport in inverted perovskite solar cells. Science, 2023, 382(6677): 1399–1404
Aydin E, Ugur E, Yildirim B K, et al. Enhanced optoelectronic coupling for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Nature, 2023, 623(7988): 732–738
Li J, Liang H, Xiao C, et al. Enhancing the efficiency and longevity of inverted perovskite solar cells with antimony-doped tin oxides. Nature Energy, 2024, early access, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01442-1
Ding Y, Ding B, Kanda H, et al. Single-crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles for stable and efficient perovskite modules. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(6): 598–605
Li H, Zhang W. Perovskite tandem solar cells: From fundamentals to commercial deployment. Chemical Reviews, 2020, 120(18): 9835–9950
Wu P, Thrithamarassery Gangadharan D, Saidaminov M I, et al. A roadmap for efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells from a chemistry perspective. ACS Central Science, 2023, 9(1): 14–26
Lin R, Wang Y, Lu Q, et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells with 3D/3D bilayer perovskite heterojunction. Nature, 2023, 620(7976): 994–1000
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). KAUST team sets world record for tandem solar cell efficiency. 2023–4-16, available at website of KAUST
Emiliano B. KAUST claims 33.7% efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. 2023-5-30, available at website of PV-Magazine
LONGi Website. LONGi sets a new world record of 33.9% for the efficiency of crystalline silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells. 2023–11-3
De Wolf S, Aydin E. Tandems have the power. Science, 2023, 381(6653): 30–31
Aydin E, Allen T G, De Bastiani M, et al. Pathways toward commercial perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics. Science, 2024, 383(6679): eadh3849
Yamamoto K, Mishima R, Uzu H, et al. High efficiency perovskite/heterojunction crystalline silicon tandem solar cells: Towards industrial-sized cell and module. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2023, 62(SK): SK1021
Oxford PV Website. Oxford PV sets new solar cell world record. 2023-5-24
Chen T, Li S, Li Y, et al. Compromising charge generation and recombination of organic photovoltaics with mixed diluent strategy for certified 19.4% efficiency. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(21): 2300400
Bi P, Wang J, Cui Y, et al. Enhancing photon utilization efficiency for high - performance organic photovoltaic cells via regulating phase - transition kinetics. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(16): 2210865
Zhu L, Zhang M, Xu J, et al. Single-junction organic solar cells with over 19% efficiency enabled by a refined double-fibril network morphology. Nature Materials, 2022, 21(6): 656–663
Chen X K, Qian D, Wang Y, et al. A unified description of non-radiative voltage losses in organic solar cells. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(8): 799–806
Li C, Zhou J, Song J, et al. Non-fullerene acceptors with branched side chains and improved molecular packing to exceed 18% efficiency in organic solar cells. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(6): 605–613
Zeng R, Zhu L, Zhang M, et al. All-polymer organic solar cells with nano-to-micron hierarchical morphology and large light receiving angle. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 4148
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Champion photovoltaic module efficiency chart. 2024
Valerie T. German researchers claim record-breaking 14.46% efficiency for organic PV module. 2023-12-19, available at website of PV-Magazine
Liang Y, Zhang D, Wu Z, et al. Organic solar cells using oligomer acceptors for improved stability and efficiency. Nature Energy, 2022, 7(12): 1180–1190
IEC 61215-2:2021. Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules — design qualification and type approval: Part 2: Test procedures. 2021–2-24, available at website of IEC
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFB4200101), the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Project, China (No. 2022JBGS0036) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52325306, 11834011, 11974242, and 22025505).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shen, W., Zhao, Y. & Liu, F. Highlights of mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2023. Front. Energy 18, 8–15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-024-0937-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-024-0937-5