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3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD): a review on properties, occurrence, mechanism of formation, toxicity, analytical approach and mitigation strategy

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Abstract

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is one of the most common food contaminants in processed oils which forms mostly during the deodorization step of edible oil refining process. It has been detected in many types of food products such as infant formula, margarine, bread and soy sauce, which could result in kidney and testicular damage. The presence of 3-MCPD contaminant have been occurring for more a decade, which warrants a maximum permissible amount of 2 µg/kg body weight in food products in national and international levels. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview in the past 12 years on its physicochemical properties, occurrence, potential precursors and formation mechanism of 3-MCPD in foodstuffs. The toxicity, its quantification methods and mitigation strategy are also reviewed with an emphasis on the applicability, efficiency and issues encountered during the analysis. This review provides an elucidation regarding 3-MCPDEs and their food safety implications.

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(Adapted from Sulin et al. [18]

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Acknowledgements

This review was supported by University Malaya (UM) Impact Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant [No. IIRG010B-2019].

Funding

This review was supported by Universiti Malaya, RU Geran-Fakulti Program-GPF015a-2023. 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Sharifah Shahira Syed Putra & Wan Jefrey Basirun

  2. International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Amal A. M. Elgharbawy

  3. Chemical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Muscat University, P.O. Box 550, 130, Muscat, Oman

    Maan Hayyan

  4. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia

    Waleed Al Abdulmonem

  5. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah S. M. Aljohani

  6. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Adeeb Hayyan

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Syed Putra, S.S., Basirun, W.J., Elgharbawy, A.A.M. et al. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD): a review on properties, occurrence, mechanism of formation, toxicity, analytical approach and mitigation strategy. Food Measure 17, 3592–3615 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-01883-y

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