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In vitro Evaluation of the Nutraceutical Potential of Theobroma cacao pod Husk and Leaf Extracts for Small Ruminants

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Abstract

Purpose

Some agroindustrial by-products could be used as nutraceutical materials for small ruminants helping with their nutrition while controlling their gastrointestinal nematodes. This study evaluated the potential in vitro nutraceutical value of pod husks and leaves of three varieties of Theobroma cacao using two Haemonchus contortus isolates with different polyphenol susceptibility.

Methods

Leaves and husks from three T. cacao varieties (AZT, CAL and CEY) were evaluated for their bromatological composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and polyphenol content. Acetone:water extracts (70:30) of each plant variety were evaluated using the egg hatch and larval exsheathment inhibition tests, using two isolates (FESC and PARAISO) of H. contortus. Effective concentrations 50% (EC50) were determined for both tests. The role of polyphenols was confirmed using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. L3 exposed to CAL leaf extract were submitted to transmission electron microscopy.

Results

Both plant materials showed a good nutritional value to complement protein-rich diets for small ruminants. Extracts inhibited exsheathment of H. contortus L3 more effectively than the egg hatching, and the leaf extracts were more active than husk extracts in the L3 exsheathment inhibition. The FESC isolate was more sensitive to extracts. Polyphenols blocked exsheathment inhibition of leaf extracts. Structural damage was observed in the sheath and muscles of L3 exposed to CAL leaf extracts.

Conclusion

The two T. cacao materials tested showed their potential to be used as ruminant feeds. Extracts affected H. contortus by blocking L3 exsheathment, particularly with the leaf extracts. The in vivo nutraceutical value should be confirmed in small ruminants.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Dr. Alfredo Cuellar-Ordáz from the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FESC-UNAM) for providing the FESC Haemonchus contortus isolate. De La Cruz-Cortazar acknowledge the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México) for granting a scholarship to pursue a master’s degree. Mancilla-Montelongo thanks to Cátedras CONACYT Program (Project number 692) for the research fellowship.

Funding

This work was financed by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México) project: CB-2013–01/221041. Also, this study was part of the international Postgraduate Cooperation Program between France and CONACYT, México (PCP-2013–229330).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CONACYT—Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo

  2. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Gloria Sarahí Castañeda-Ramírez, María Librada Canul-Velasco, José Israel Chan-Pérez, Álvaro De la Cruz-Cortazar, Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro, Pedro Geraldo González-Pech & Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta

  3. INRAE, UMR 1225 IHAP, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse, France

    Elodie Gaudin-Barbier & Hervé Hoste

  4. Laboratoire de Chimie Agro Industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INP, INRAE, 31030, Toulouse, France

    Celine Mathieu

  5. Centre d’Applications et de Traitement des Agro-Ressources (CATAR), INP, 31030, Toulouse, France

    Celine Mathieu

  6. Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Medical Faculty, University Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France

    Isabelle Fourquaux

  7. School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5BL, UK

    Javier Ventura-Cordero

Authors
  1. María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo
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  2. Gloria Sarahí Castañeda-Ramírez
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  3. Elodie Gaudin-Barbier
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  13. Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
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Contributions

Conceptualization: JFT-A, CM, CAS-C, HH; methodology: GSC-R, JIC-P, GM-M; formal analysis and investigation: ÁDlC-C, MLC-V, GSC-R, JIC-P, EG, PGG-P, GM-M; resources: not applicable; writing—original draft preparation: GM-M; writing—review and editing: GM-M, JFT-A, CM, CAS-C, HH, JV-C, PGG-P, IF; funding acquisition: CM, HH, CAS-C, JFT-A; supervision: CM, CAS-C, HH, JFT-A.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta.

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The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional guides on the care and use of laboratory animals. Approval was granted by the ethical standards of the Bioethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (license No. CB-CCBA-D- 2014–003).

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Mancilla-Montelongo, M.G., Castañeda-Ramírez, G.S., Gaudin-Barbier, E. et al. In vitro Evaluation of the Nutraceutical Potential of Theobroma cacao pod Husk and Leaf Extracts for Small Ruminants. Acta Parasit. 66, 1122–1136 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00354-y

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