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The Evolution of Element Distribution During Laser Cladding Under Static Magnetic Field

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Abstract

The convective transport of heat and mass can be modified under an external magnetic field during the laser cladding process. The cladding of Inconel 718 powder on a 316L substrate under a static magnetic field was numerically studied. The results show that a static magnetic field has little effect on the characteristics of the temperature field, while an uneven distribution of iron concentration was obtained due to the induced Lorentz force inhibiting melt flow.

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Abbreviations

\( f_{l} \), \( f_{c} \), \( f_{a} \) :

Volume fraction (1)

\(\overrightarrow{{u}_{l}}\), \(\overrightarrow{{u}_{a}}\) :

Velocity (m s−1)

\( \dot{M} \) :

Powder deposition rate (kg m−3 s−1)

P :

Pressure (N m−2)

\({\overrightarrow{U}}_{lc}\), \({\overrightarrow{U}}_{la}\), \({\overrightarrow{U}}_{ca}\) :

Momentum exchange rate (kg m−2 s−2)

\({\overrightarrow{F}}_{M}\) :

Marangoni force (kg m−2 s−2)

\( C_{{{\text{lc}}}}^{i} \) :

Species exchange (kg m−3 s−1)

\({\dot{\text{C}}}^{\text{i}}\) :

Species increasing rate (kg m−3 s−1)

\( k_{l} \), \( k_{c} \),\( k_{a} \) :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

\(\overrightarrow{j}\) :

Induced electric current (A m−2)

\(\sigma \) :

Electric conductivity (S m−1)

\({\rho }_{l}\), \({\rho }_{c}\), \({\rho }_{a}\) :

Density (kg m−3)

t :

Time (s)

\( M_{{{\text{lc}}}} \) :

Mass transfer rate (kg m−3 s−1)

\( \overline{\overline{\tau }} _{l} ,\overline{\overline{\tau }} _{a} \) :

Stress–strain tensors (kg m−1 s−2)

\( Q_{{{\text{lc}}}} \), \( Q_{{{\text{la}}}} \), \( Q_{{{\text{ca}}}} \) :

Energy transfer (J m−3 s−1)

\( \overrightarrow {F} _{{{\text{Lorentz}}}} \) :

Induced Lorentz force (kg m−2 s−2)

\( c_{l}^{i} \),\( c_{c}^{i} \) :

Species concentration (wt pct )

\( \dot{Q}_{l} \), \( \dot{Q}_{c} \) :

Laser heat inputs (J m−3 s−1)

\( T_{l} \), \( T_{c} \), \( T_{a} \) :

Temperature (K)

\( h_{l} \), \( h_{c} \), \( h_{a} \) :

Enthalpy (J kg−1)

\( \overrightarrow {B} \) :

Magnetic field (T)

l :

Liquid phase

a :

Air phase

c :

Columnar phase

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This work is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52035014, 51804274) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (RF-C2019003). The authors would also like to especially appreciate Prof. Jun Li from Shanghai Jiao Tong University for his kind help in methodology.

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China

    Honghao Ge, Hao Fang, Caowei Zhang, Liang Wang, Qunli Zhang & Jianhua Yao

  2. College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China

    Honghao Ge, Hao Fang, Caowei Zhang, Liang Wang, Qunli Zhang & Jianhua Yao

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  1. Honghao Ge
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  2. Hao Fang
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  3. Caowei Zhang
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Correspondence to Jianhua Yao.

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Manuscript submitted May 26, 2021, accepted November 8, 2021.

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Ge, H., Fang, H., Zhang, C. et al. The Evolution of Element Distribution During Laser Cladding Under Static Magnetic Field. Metall Mater Trans A 53, 370–376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06540-x

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