Abstract
Despite the high utilization of commercial pure titanium in various applications, its performance in the modern engineering industry has created a new challenge due to its low mechanical properties and poor machinability compared to its alloying conditions. In this paper, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) as a well-known severe plastic deformation approach was applied to the commercial pure (CP) titanium at the elevated temperature up to six passes. Although the initial sample mainly contains high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), some low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are introduced by imposing four ECAP passes and the fraction of LAGBs is considerably increased up to 55 pct. By applying for additional ECAP passes and imposing more plastic strains, more amount of them is transformed into the HAGBs, exceeding 56 pct. It was found that the yield strength and hardness of the six-pass ECAPed sample reached 314 MPa and 249 Hv, indicating 96 and 51 pct increments as compared to the as-received condition, respectively, due to the considerable grain refinement after the process. However, the capability of processed titanium for further deformation was strictly restricted. The obtained moderate ductility of the sample after the processing was related to the decrease in the size and depth of the generated dimples in the fractured surface. The machining results showed that improvement of strength using the grain refinement led to a considerable reduction of originated cutting forces due to the reduction of friction coefficient and decrease in the tool wear rate. The mentioned two factors, as well as the discontinuous short chips, eventually result in a better surface finish of the ECAP-processed CP titanium.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article
References
U. Kumar, P. Senthil, Mater. Today Proc. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.121.
M. Kuttolamadom, J. Jones, L. Mears, J. Von Oehsen, T. Kurfess, J. Ziegert, J. Manuf. Syst. 43 (2017) 235–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2017.02.014.
N. Singh, P.S. Bharti, Mater. Today Proc. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.235.
Q. Chen, G.A. Thouas, Mater. Sci. Eng. 87 (2015) 1–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2014.10.001.
M. Morinaga (2019) Quant Approach Alloy Des. 24 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814706-1.00005-4.
N. Hansen, Scr. Mater. 51 (2004) 801–06. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.002.
S.W. Choi, C.L. Li, J.W. Won, J.T. Yeom, Y.S. Choi, J.K. Hong, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 764 (2019) 138211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138211.
Y. Estrin, R. Lapovok, A.E. Medvedev, C. Kasper, E. Ivanova, T.C. Lowe, Mechanical performance and cell response of pure titanium with ultrafine-grained structure produced by severe plastic deformation, Elsevier Inc., 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812456-7.00019-6.
M. Ebrahimi, B. Rajabifar, F. Djavanroodi, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 48 (2013) 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309324713489297.
M.M. Abramova, N. A. Enikeev, R.Z. Valiev, A. Etienne, B. Radiguet, Y. Ivanisenko, X. Sauvage, Mater. Lett. 136 (2014) 349–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.188.
M. Ebrahimi, F. Djavanroodi, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 24 (2014) 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.01.013.
M. Ebrahimi, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48 (2017) 6126–6134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4375-4.
Y. Saito, N. Tsuji, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, R.G. Hong, Scr. Mater. 39 (1998) 1221–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00302-9.
E. Bagherpour, F. Qods, R. Ebrahimi, H. Miyamoto, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 679 (2017) 465–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.068.
M. Ebrahimi, S. Attarilar, F. Djavanroodi, C. Gode, H.S. Kim, Mater. Des. 63 (2014) 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.043.
C. Wang, F. Li, Q. Li, L. Wang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 548 (2012) 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.055.
W.Q. Cao, A. Godfrey, Q. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 361 (2003) 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00055-8.
M. Ebrahimi, M.A. Par, J. Alloys Compd. 781 (2019) 1074–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.083.
I. Ansarian, M.H. Shaeri, M. Ebrahimi, P. Minárik, K. Bartha, J. Alloys Compd. 776 (2019) 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.196.
G. Faraji, H.S. Kim, H.T. Kashi, Sev. Plast. Deform. (2018) 20: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813518-1.00001-1.
X. Sauvage, G. Wilde, S. V Divinski, Z. Horita, R.Z. Valiev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 540 (2012) 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.080.
T.G. Langdon, Acta Mater. 61 (2013) 7035–7059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.08.018.
Y. Estrin, A. Vinogradov, Acta Mater. 61 (2013) 782–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.038.
K. Edalati, Z. Horita, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 652 (2016) 325–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.074.
R.Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater. Sci. 51 (2006) 881–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.003.
V. V. Polyakova, I.P. Semenova, A. V. Polyakov, D.K. Magomedova, Y. Huang, T.G. Langdon, Mater. Lett. 190 (2017) 256–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.12.083.
K. Bartha, A. Veverková, J. Stráský, J. Veselý, P. Minárik, C.A. Corrêa, V. Polyakova, I. Semenova, M. Janeček, Mater. Today Commun. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100811.
Y. Han, J. Li, G. Huang, Y. Lv, X. Shao, W. Lu, D. Zhang, Mater. Des. 75 (2015) 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.018.
K.M. Agarwal, R.K. Tyagi, A. Singhal, D. Bhatia, Mater. Sci. Energy Technol. 3 (2020) 921–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.11.002.
Y. Gu, A. Ma, J. Jiang, Y. Yuan, H. Wu, Mater. Charact. 168 (2020) 110513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110513.
X. Hu, X. Anfn, B. Feng, D. Kong, P. Liu, R. Li, Y. Zhang, G. Li, Y. Li, Solid State Sci. 103 (2020) 106191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106191
M. Ebrahimi, F. Djavanroodi, C. Gode, K.M. Nikbin, Revue de Métallurgie, 348 (2013) 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2013077.
F. Djavanroodi, M. Ebrahimi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527 (2010) 1230–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.09.052.
P. Huang, H. Li, W. Le Zhu, H. Wang, G. Zhang, X. Wu, S. To, Z. Zhu, J. Clean. Prod. 243 (2020) 118526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118526.
S. Swain, I. Panigrahi, A.K. Sahoo, A. Panda, Mater. Today Proc. 18 (2019) 3539–3545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.284.
C.L. He, W.J. Zong, J.J. Zhang, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 129 (2018) 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2018.02.001.
C.J. Tzeng, Y.H. Lin, Y.K. Yang, M.C. Jeng, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (2009) 2753–2759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.046.
G. Gaurav, A. Sharma, G.S. Dangayach, M.L. Meena, Mater. Today Proc. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.217.
V. Sharma, P.M. Pandey, J. Clean. Prod. 137 (2016) 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.138.
V.S. Sharma, M. Dogra, N.M. Suri, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 49 (2009) 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.12.010.
P. Ranjan, S.S. Hiremath, J. Manuf. Process. 43 (2019) 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.04.011.
C. Agrawal, J. Wadhwa, A. Pitroda, C.I. Pruncu, M. Sarikaya, N. Khanna, Tribol. Int. 153 (2021) 106597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106597.
R. Thirumalai, K. Techato, M. Chandrasekaran, K. Venkatapathy, M. Seenivasan, Mater. Today Proc. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.213.
E.O. Ezugwu, J. Bonney, Y. Yamane, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 134 (2003) 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)01042-7.
E.O. Ezugwu, Z.M. Wang, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 68 (1997) 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(96)00030-1.
A.K. Srivastava, S.P. Dwivedi, N.K. Maurya, N. Kumar, Mater. Today Proc. 25 (2019) 626–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.379.
E.O. Ezugwu, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 45 (2005) 1353–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.02.003.
S.I. Jaffery, P.T. Mativenga, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 40 (2009) 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1393-9.
O. Hatt, P. Crawforth, M. Jackson, Wear 374–375 (2017) 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.036.
R. Lindvall, F. Lenrick, H. Persson, R.M. Saoubi, J. Ståhl, Wear 454–455 (2020) 203329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203329.
P.R. Guru, F. Khan, S.K. Panigrahi, G.D.J. Ram, J. Manuf. Process. 18 (2015) 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.01.005.
R. Lapovok, A. Molotnikov, Y. Levin, A. Bandaranayake, Y. Estrin, J. Mater. Sci. 47 (2012) 4589–4594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6320-7.
M. Furukawa, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Sci. Eng. A 332 (2002) 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01716-6.
A. Rollett, F. Humphreys, G.S. Rohrer, M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena: Second Edition, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044164-1.X5000-2.
S. Attarilar, M.T. Salehi, K.J. Al-Fadhalah, F. Djavanroodi, M. Mozafari, PLoS ONE. 14 (2019) 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221491.
T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura, J.J. Jonas, Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions, Prog. Mater. Sci. 60 (2014) 130–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.002.
S. Attarilar, M.-T. Salehi, F. Djavanroodi, Metall. Res. Technol. 116 (2019) 408. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018135.
T.G. Langdon, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 462 (2007) 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.473.
P. Luo, D.T. Mcdonald, W. Xu, S. Palanisamy, M.S. Dargusch, K. Xia, Scr. Mater. 66 (2012) 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.02.008.
V. V. Stolyarov, Y.T. Zhu, T.C. Lowe, R.K. Islamgaliev, R.Z. Valiev, Nanostructured Mater. 11 (1999) 947–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00384-0.
V. V. Stolyarov, Y. T. Zhu, I. V. Alexandrov, T.C. Lowe, R.Z. Valiev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 299 (2001) 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01411-8.
M.S. Rao, U. Chakkingal, T. Raghu, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 66 (2013) 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0280-8.
M.J. Qarni, G. Sivaswamy, A. Rosochowski, S. Boczkal, Mater. Des. 122 (2017) 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.015.
K. Hajizadeh, B. Eghbali, K. Topolski, K.J. Kurzydlowski, Mater. Chem. Phys. 143 (2014) 1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.11.001.
V. Latysh, G. Krallics, I. Alexandrov, A. Fodor Curr. Appl. Phys. 6 (2006) 262–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2005.07.053.
D.H. Kang, T.W. Kim, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) S54–S60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.004.
Y.G. Ko, D.H. Shin, K.T. Park, C.S. Lee, An analysis of the strain hardening behavior of ultra-fine grain pure titanium, Scr. Mater. 54 (2006) 1785–1789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.01.034.
G. Purcek, G.G. Yapici, I. Karaman, H.J. Maier, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528 (2011) 2303–2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.021.
X. Zhao, X. Yang, X. Liu, X. Wang, T.G. Langdon, Mater. Sci. Eng. AS 527 (2010) 6335–6339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.049.
K. Ma, H. Wen, T. Hu, T.D. Topping, D. Isheim, D.N. Seidman, E.J. Lavernia, J.M. Schoenung, Acta Mater. 62 (2014) 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.042.
S. Kalpakjian, S. Steven, Manufacturing processes for engineering materials, 6th ed., Pearson, 2016.
A.R. Zareena, M. Rahman, Y.S. Wong, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME. 127 (2005) 277–279. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1852570.
K.R. Zoya, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 100 (2000) 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.10.014.
Y. Huang, T.G. Dawson, Wear. 258 (2005) 1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2004.08.010.
Y. Huang, Y.K. Chou, S.Y. Liang, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 35 (2007) 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-006-0737-6.
O. V. Gendelman, M. Shapiro, Y. Estrin, R.J. Hellmig, S. Lekhtmakher, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 434 (2006) 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.091.
H.A. Abdel-Aal, M. Nouari, M. El Mansori, Tribol. Int. 42 (2009) 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.07.005.
F.A. Guo, K.Y. Zhu, N. Trannoy, J. Lu, Thermochim. Acta. 419 (2004) 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2004.02.018.
R. Lapovok, L.S. Tóth, A. Molinari, Y. Estrin, J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 57 (2009) 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2008.09.012.
A. Jawaid, C.H. Che-Haron, A. Abdullah, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 92–93 (1999) 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00246-0.
Acknowledgments
The paper is published as a part of research project supported by the University of Maragheh.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted September 24, 2020; accepted January 14, 2021.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ebrahimi, M., Attarilar, S. Grain Refinement Affected Machinability in Commercial Pure Titanium. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 1282–1292 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06161-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06161-4