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Roadmap for rechargeable batteries: present and beyond

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Abstract

Rechargeable batteries currently hold the largest share of the electrochemical energy storage market, and they play a major role in the sustainable energy transition and industrial decarbonization to respond to global climate change. Due to the increased popularity of consumer electronics and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries have quickly become the most successful rechargeable batteries in the past three decades, yet growing demands in diversified application scenarios call for new types of rechargeable batteries. Tremendous efforts are made to developing the next-generation post-Li-ion rechargeable batteries, which include, but are not limited to solid-state batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, sodium-/potassium-ion batteries, organic batteries, magnesium-/zinc-ion batteries, aqueous batteries and flow batteries. Despite the great achievements, challenges persist in precise understandings about the electrochemical reaction and charge transfer process, and optimal design of key materials and interfaces in a battery. This roadmap tends to provide an overview about the current research progress, key challenges and future prospects of various types of rechargeable batteries. New computational methods for materials development, and characterization techniques will also be discussed as they play an important role in battery research.

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Acknowledgements

The section of Introduction was contributed by Sen Xin, Yu-Guo Guo, Qiang Zhang, Jun Chen, Li-Jun Wan (Section corresponding authors (email: ygguo@iccas.ac.cn (Y.G. Guo); zhang-qiang@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (Q. Zhang); chenabc@nankai.edu.cn (J. Chen); wanlijun@iccas.ac.cn (L.J. Wan))) and supported by the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-058), the Basic Science Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (52388201), and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ22005). The section of Lithiumion batteries and manganese-based cathode materials was contributed by Xu Zhang, Lin Wang, Haijun Yu (Section corresponding author (email: hjyu@bjut.edu.cn (H. Yu))), and financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB2404400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92263206, 21875007, 21975006, 21974007, and U19A2018), the Youth Beijing Scholars program (PXM2021_014204_000023), and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (2222001 and KZ202010005007). The section of Roadmap for solid-state lithium-ion batteries in grid energy storage: opportunities and challenges was contributed by Xin Chang, Yu-Ming Zhao, Qinghai Meng, Yu-Guo Guo (Section corresponding authors (email: ygguo@iccas.ac.cn (Y.G. Guo); qhmeng@iccas.ac.cn (Q. Meng)), and supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2400200), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2023040), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22279148 and 21905286), and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z220021). The section of Solid-state lithium metal batteries was contributed by Pan Xu, Chen-Zi Zhao, Qiang Zhang (Section corresponding authors (email: zcz@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (C.Z. Zhao); zhang-qiang@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (Q. Zhang))), and supported by Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Z200011), National Key Research and Development Program (2021YFB2500300, 2021YFB2400300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (22308190, 22109084, 22108151, 22075029, and 22061132002), Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province (202103AA080019), the S&T Program of Hebei Province (22344402D), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022TQ0165), Tsinghua-Jiangyin Innovation Special Fund (TJISF), Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund and the Institute of Strategic Research, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, and Ordos-Tsinghua Innovative & Collaborative Research Program in Carbon Neutrality. P.X. appreciates the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar Program of Tsinghua University. The section of Lithium–sulfur batteries was contributed by Jiahang Chen, Huichao Lu, Xirui Kong, Jiulin Wang (Section corresponding author (email: wangjiulin@xju.edu.cn (J. Wang))), and financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2400300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (22179083), Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (20XD1401900) and Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B090908001). This section of Roadmap for Li–air batteries: present and beyond was contributed by Kai Chen, Gang Huang, Xinbo Zhang (Section corresponding author (email: xbzhang@ciac.ac.cn (X. Zhang))), and financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFE0204500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52071311, 52271140), Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (20220201112GX), Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (21ZY06), and Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2020230, 2021223). The section of Sodium-layered transition-metal oxide cathodes was contributed by Yu Su, Yao Xiao, Shu-Lei Chou. (Section corresponding authors (email: xiaoyao@wzu.edu.cn (Y. Xiao); chou@wzu.edu.cn (S. L. Chou)), and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51971124, 52171217, 52202284 and 52250710680), the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University (EIPE22208), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (LZ21E010001, LQ23E020002), Wenzhou Natural Science Foundation (G20220019, G20220021, ZG2022032, G2023027), Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (5419-202158503A-0-5-ZN), Wenzhou Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Research Projects (ZG2023053), Cooperation between industry and education project of Ministry of Education (220601318235513). The section of Potassium-ion batteries is contributed by Shilin Zhang, Zaiping Guo (Section corresponding author (email: zaiping.guo@adelaide.edu.au (Z. Guo))), and supported by the Australian Research Council (DP210101486 and FL210100050). The section of Magnesium-ion batteries was contributed by Aobing Du, Guanglei Cui (Section corresponding author (email: cuigl@qibebt.ac.cn (G. Cui))), and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22179135, 22109168, 52072195, and 21975271), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA22010603, XDA22010600), Taishan Scholars Program for Young Expert of Shandong Province (tsqn202103145), Shandong Energy Institute (SEI I202108 and SEI I202127) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (BX20200344, 2020M682251). The section of Rechargeable batteries with organic electrode materials is contributed by Gaojing Yang, Qing Zhao, Jun Chen (Section corresponding author (email: chenabc@nankai.edu.cn (J. Chen))), and supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB2402200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22121005, 22020102002, and 21835004), the Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter of Nankai University (63181206), and the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations. The section of Aqueous metal-ion batteries is contributed by Liubing Dong, Dong Zhou, Feiyu Kang (Section corresponding author (email: fykang@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn (F. Kang))), and supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2404500) and Shenzhen Outstanding Talents Training Fund. This section of Zinc-ion batteries is contributed by Hu Hong, Chunyi Zhi (Section corresponding author (email: cy.zhi@cityu.edu.hk (C. Zhi))), and supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0705104) and GRF under the project number CityU 11305218. The section of The roadmap for flow batteries: present and beyond is contributed by Zhizhang Yuan, Xianfeng Li (Section corresponding author (email: lixianfeng@dicp.ac.cn (X. Li))), and supported from National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078313, 21925804), Free exploring basic research project of Liaoning (2022JH6/100100005) and Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2019182). The section of Computation-driven material development is contributed by Yifei Mo, Yizhou Zhu, Dongfang Yu (Section corresponding authors (email: yfmo@umd.edu (Y. Mo), zhuyizhou@westlake.edu.cn (Y. Zhu))), and supported from the Research Center for industries of the Future (RCIF) at Westlake University and the start-up fund from Westlake University. The section of Advanced characterization techniques for battery research is contributed by Xincheng Lei, Jianxiong Zhao, Jiayi Wang, Dong Su (Section corresponding author (email: dongsu@iphy.ac.cn (D. Su))), and supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFB2007400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22075317) and the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) (XDB07030200) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China

    Sen Xin, Xin Chang, Yu-Ming Zhao, Qinghai Meng, Yu-Guo Guo & Li-Jun Wan

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Sen Xin, Xin Chang, Yu-Guo Guo & Li-Jun Wan

  3. Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China

    Xu Zhang, Lin Wang & Haijun Yu

  4. Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China

    Xu Zhang, Lin Wang & Haijun Yu

  5. Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Pan Xu, Chen-Zi Zhao & Qiang Zhang

  6. State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China

    Jiulin Wang

  7. Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Jiahang Chen, Huichao Lu, Xirui Kong & Jiulin Wang

  8. State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China

    Kai Chen, Gang Huang & Xinbo Zhang

  9. Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

    Yu Su, Yao Xiao & Shu-Lei Chou

  10. School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia

    Shilin Zhang & Zaiping Guo

  11. Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China

    Aobing Du & Guanglei Cui

  12. Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China

    Gaojing Yang & Qing Zhao

  13. College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China

    Liubing Dong & Jun Chen

  14. Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Dong Zhou & Feiyu Kang

  15. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China

    Hu Hong & Chunyi Zhi

  16. Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 110623, China

    Zhizhang Yuan & Xianfeng Li

  17. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA

    Yifei Mo

  18. Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China

    Yizhou Zhu & Dongfang Yu

  19. Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Xincheng Lei, Jianxiong Zhao, Jiayi Wang & Dong Su

  20. South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Jiayi Wang

  21. Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Qiang Zhang

  22. Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032, China

    Qiang Zhang

Authors
  1. Sen Xin
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  2. Xu Zhang
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  3. Lin Wang
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  4. Haijun Yu
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  5. Xin Chang
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  6. Yu-Ming Zhao
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  7. Qinghai Meng
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  8. Pan Xu
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  9. Chen-Zi Zhao
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  10. Jiahang Chen
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  11. Huichao Lu
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  12. Xirui Kong
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  13. Jiulin Wang
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  14. Kai Chen
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  15. Gang Huang
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  16. Xinbo Zhang
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  17. Yu Su
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  18. Yao Xiao
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  19. Shu-Lei Chou
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  20. Shilin Zhang
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  21. Zaiping Guo
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  22. Aobing Du
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  23. Guanglei Cui
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  24. Gaojing Yang
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  25. Qing Zhao
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  26. Liubing Dong
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  27. Dong Zhou
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  28. Feiyu Kang
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  29. Hu Hong
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  30. Chunyi Zhi
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  31. Zhizhang Yuan
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  32. Xianfeng Li
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  33. Yifei Mo
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  34. Yizhou Zhu
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  35. Dongfang Yu
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  36. Xincheng Lei
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  37. Jianxiong Zhao
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  38. Jiayi Wang
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  39. Dong Su
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  40. Yu-Guo Guo
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  41. Qiang Zhang
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  42. Jun Chen
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  43. Li-Jun Wan
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yu-Guo Guo, Qiang Zhang, Jun Chen or Li-Jun Wan.

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Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Cite this article

Xin, S., Zhang, X., Wang, L. et al. Roadmap for rechargeable batteries: present and beyond. Sci. China Chem. 67, 13–42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1908-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1908-9

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