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The proliferation of beneficial bacteria influences the soil C, N, and P cycling in the soybean–maize intercropping system

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Abstract

Soybean–maize intercropping system can improve the utilization rate of farmland and the sustainability of crop production systems. However, there is a significant gap in understanding the interaction mechanisms between soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling functional genes, rhizosphere microorganisms, and nutrient availability. To reveal the key microorganisms associated with soil nutrient utilization and C, N, and P cycling function in the soybean–maize intercropping system, we investigated the changes in soil properties, microbial community structure, and abundance of functional genes for C, N, and P cycling under soybean–maize intercropping and monocropping at different fertility stages in a pot experiment. We found that there was no significant difference in the rhizosphere microbial community between soybean–maize intercropping and monocropping at the seeding stage. As the reproductive period progressed, differences in microbial community structure between intercropping and monocropping gradually became significant, manifesting the advantages of intercropping. During the intercropping process of soybean and maize, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in soil rhizosphere significantly increased, particularly Streptomycetaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. Moreover, the abundances of C, N, and P cycling functional genes, such as abfA, mnp, rbcL, pmoA (C cycling), nifH, nirS-3, nosZ-2, amoB (N cycling), phoD, and ppx (P cycling), also increased significantly. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis showed that Streptomycetaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were significantly correlated with soil properties and C, N, and P cycling functional genes. In brief, soybean and maize intercropping can change the structure of microbial community and promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the soil rhizosphere. The accumulation of these beneficial bacteria increased the abundance of C, N, and P cycling functional genes in soil and enhanced the ability of plants to fully utilize environmental nutrients and promoted growth.

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Data availability

The raw sequencing data were deposited at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database with the accession number of PRJNA1087513.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industry Technology Innovation Center for instrument support and providing experimental sites.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 42277105, 41877051) and Ningbo Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (Grant Number 2021Z047).

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  1. Hao Su and Huiling Lai contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China

    Hao Su, Fuyun Gao, Ruipeng Zhang, Sixuan Wu & Yaying Li

  2. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industry Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang Province, China

    Hao Su, Fuyun Gao, Ruipeng Zhang, Sixuan Wu & Yaying Li

  3. College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China

    Hao Su

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Fuyun Gao, Ruipeng Zhang & Sixuan Wu

  5. Beilun District Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang Province, China

    Furong Ge

  6. Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Huaiying Yao

  7. Lianhe Equator Environmental Impact Assessment Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300042, China

    Huiling Lai

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Contributions

Huiling Lai, Hao Su, Ruipeng Zhang, Sixuan Wu, and Furong Ge collected the soil samples and determined the soil properties. Hao Su and Huiling Lai analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Yaying Li and Huaiying Yao conceived the ideas, designed the methodology, and revised the manuscript. All authors edited the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Yaying Li.

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Su, H., Lai, H., Gao, F. et al. The proliferation of beneficial bacteria influences the soil C, N, and P cycling in the soybean–maize intercropping system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 25688–25705 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32851-8

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