Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Research status and prospects of organic photocatalysts in algal inhibition and sterilization: a review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An increasing amount of sewage has been discharged into water bodies in the progression of industrialization and urbanization, causing serious water pollution. Meanwhile, the increase of nutrients in the water induces water eutrophication and rapid growth of algae. Photocatalysis is a common technique for algal inhibition and sterilization. To improve the utilization of visible light and the conversion efficiency of solar energy, more organic photocatalytic materials have been gradually developed. In addition to ultraviolet light, partial infrared light and visible light could also be used by organic photocatalysts compared with inorganic photocatalysts. Simultaneously, organic photocatalysts also exhibit favorable stability. Most organic photocatalysts can maintain a high degradation rate for algae and bacteria after several cycles. There are various organic semiconductors, mainly including small organic molecules, such as perylene diimide (PDI), porphyrin (TCPP), and new carbon materials (fullerene (C60), graphene (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNT)), and large organic polymers, such as graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTH), polyaniline (PANI), and polyimide (PI). In this review, the classification and synthesis methods of organic photocatalytic materials were elucidated. It was demonstrated that the full visible spectral response (400–750 nm) could be stimulated by modifying organic photocatalysts. Moreover, some problems were summarized based on the research status related to algae and bacteria, and corresponding suggestions were also provided for the development of organic photocatalytic materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

We declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Materials availability

We declare that the materials supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

References

  • Ahmadi Y, Bhardwaj N, Kim KH, Kumar S (2021) Recent advances in photocatalytic removal of airborne pathogens in air. Sci Total Environ 794:148477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ai L, Liu Y, Zhang XY, Ouyang XH, Ge ZY (2014) A facile and template-free method for preparation of polythiophene microspheres and their dispersion for waterborne corrosion protection coatings. Synth Met 191:41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shehhi MR, Nelson D, Farzanah R, Alshihi R, Salehi-Ashtiani K (2021) Characterizing algal blooms in a shallow & a deep channel. Ocean Coast Manag 213:105840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amorim CA, Moura ADN (2021) Ecological impacts of freshwater algal blooms on water quality, plankton biodiversity, structure, and ecosystem functioning. Sci Total Environ 758:143605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf A, Farooq U, Farooqi BA, Ayub K (2020) Electronic structure of polythiophene gas sensors for chlorinated analytes. J Mol Model 26:44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai X, Guo L, Jia T, Hao D, Wang C, Li H, Zong R (2022) Perylene diimide growth on both sides of carbon nanotubes for remarkably boosted photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac. J Hazard Mater 435:128992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee T, Podjaski F, Kröger J, Biswal BP, Lotsch BV (2020) Polymer photocatalysts for solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Nat Rev Mater 6:168–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baohong C, Kang W, Huige G, Hui L (2021) Karenia mikimotoi blooms in coastal waters of China from 1998 to 2017. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 249:107034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing W, Chen Z, Sun H, Shi P, Gao N, Ren J, Qu X (2015) Visible-light-driven enhanced antibacterial and biofilm elimination activity of graphitic carbon nitride by embedded Ag nanoparticles. Nano Res 8:1648–1658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobo MV, Kuchta JJ 3rd, Vannucci AK (2021) Recent advancements in the development of molecular organic photocatalysts. Org Biomol Chem 19:4816–4834

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokszczanin K, Dondini L, Przybyla AA (2009) First report on the presence of fire blight resistance in linkage group 11 of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. J Appl Genet 50:99–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boomi P, Prabu HG, Manisankar P, Ravikumar S (2014) Study on antibacterial activity of chemically synthesized PANI-Ag-Au nanocomposite. Appl Surf Sci 300:66–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borah KD, Bhuyan J (2017) Magnesium porphyrins with relevance to chlorophylls. Dalton Trans 46:6497–6509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowling L, Baldwin D, Merrick C, Brayan J, Panther J (2018) Possible drivers of a Chrysosporum ovalisporum bloom in the Murray River, Australia, in 2016. Mar Freshw Res 69:1649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai Y, Cheng W, Ji C, Su Z, Yin M (2021) Perylenediimide/silver nanohybrids with visible-light photocatalysis enhanced antibacterial effect. Dyes Pigm 195:109698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao X, Yue L, Lian F, Wang C, Cheng B, Lv J, Wang Z, Xing B (2021) CuO nanoparticles doping recovered the photocatalytic antialgal activity of graphitic carbon nitride. J Hazard Mater 403:123621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y-Z, Li W-H, Li L, Wang L-N (2017) Progress in organic photocatalysts. Rare Met 37:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung K-H, Jeong S, Kim B-J, Kim J-S, Park Y-K, Jung S-C (2018) Development of hydrogen production by liquid phase plasma process of water with Ni TiO2/carbon nanotube photocatalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43:5873–5880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinar S, Seyitdanlioglu P, Unaleroglu C (2022) Synthesis, photophysical properties and theoretical evaluation of alkyl-linked porphyrin – BODIPY dyads. Dyes Pigm 206:110573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coeffard V, Fischer J, Nun P (2020) Visible-light-driven transformations of phenols via energy transfer catalysis. Synthesis 52:1617–1624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng F, Shi H, Guo Y, Luo X, Zhou J (2021) Engineering paths of sustainable and green photocatalytic degradation technology for pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants of emerging concern. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 29:100465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding N, Fei Q, Xiao D, Zhang H, Yin H, Yuan C, Lv H, Gao P, Zhang Y, Wang R (2023) Highly efficient and recyclable Z-scheme heterojunction of Ag(3)PO(4)/g-C(3)N(4) floating foam for photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae under visible light. Chemosphere 317:137773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan G, Du B, Zhou J, Yan Z, You Y, Luo J (2021a) Porous self-floating 3D Ag2O/g-C3N4 hydrogel and photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa under visible light. Chem Eng J 404:126509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan G, Zhan J, Luo J, Lin J, Qu F, Du B, You Y, Yan Z (2021b) Fabrication of heterostructured Ag/AgCl@g-C(3)N(4)@UIO-66(NH(2)) nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa under visible light. J Hazard Mater 404:124062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan G, Lin X, You Y, Du B, Li X, Luo J (2022) Magnetically separable ZnFe(2)O(4)/Ag(3)PO(4)/g-C(3)N(4) photocatalyst for inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa: characterization, performance and mechanism. J Hazard Mater 421:126703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan G, Du B, Zhou J, Yu W, Chen Z, Yang S (2020a) Stable Ag2O/g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient inactivation of harmful algae under visible light. Appl Catal B: Environ 265:18610

  • Fan G, Hong L, Luo J, You Y, Zhang J, Hua P, Du B, Zhan J, Ning R, Bao M (2020b) Photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae and degradation of cyanotoxins microcystin-LR using GO-based Z-scheme nanocatalysts under visible light. Chem Eng J 392:123767

  • Faramarzi M, Pordel M, Morsali A (2020) Synthesis, antiviral, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity assessment of some 3H-benzo[a]imidazo[4,5-j]acridines and 3H-benzo[a]pyrazolo[3,4-j]acridines. Russ J Org Chem 56:1438–1445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng J, Gao M, Zhang Z, Gu M, Wang J, Zeng W, Ren Y (2018) Comparing the photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4 treated by thermal decomposition, solvothermal and protonation. Results Phys 11:331–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel I (2020) ‘Acridines’ as new horizons in antifungal treatment. Molecules 25:1480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glomstad B, Altin D, Sørensen L, Liu J, Jenssen BM, Booth AM (2016) Carbon nanotube properties influence adsorption of phenanthrene and subsequent bioavailability and toxicity to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Environ Sci Technol 50:2660–2668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gui Ning L, Wang S, Feng HuX, Ming Li C, Qun XuL (2017) Vancomycin-conjugated polythiophene for the detection and imaging of Gram-positive bacteria. J Mater Chem B 5:8814–8820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Wang R, Wang P, Li Y, Wang C (2017) Developing polyetherimide/graphitic carbon nitride floating photocatalyst with good photodegradation performance of methyl orange under light irradiation. Chemosphere 179:84–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazeem LJ, Bououdina M, Dewailly E, Slomianny C, Barras A, Coffinier Y, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R (2016) Toxicity effect of graphene oxide on growth and photosynthetic pigment of the marine alga Picochlorum sp. during different growth stages. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:4144–4152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelton JC, lddon B, Suschitzky H, Woolley LH (1995) 2H-Benzimidazoles (Isobenzimidazoles). Part 10.1,2 Synthesis of Polysubstituted o-Phenylenediamines and their conversion into heterocycles,particularly 2-substituted benzimidazoles with known or potential anthelminthic activity 51:10771–10794

  • Hipsher C, Barker J, MacKay A (2020) Impact of bloom events on dissolved organic matter fluorophore signatures in Ohio waters. Sci Total Environ 699:134003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiragond CB, Khanna PK, More PV (2018) Probing the real-time photocatalytic activity of CdS QDs sensitized conducting polymers: featured PTh, PPy and PANI. Vacuum 155:159–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosoi Y, Furukawa Y (2007) Relationship between film structure and electric performance of organic field-effect transistors based on perylene tetracarboxylic diimide derivatives. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 471:189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang C, Li Y, Yang H, Sun D, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Chen X, Xu L (2013) Detection of algal bloom and factors influencing its formation in Taihu Lake from 2000 to 2011 by MODIS. Environ Earth Sci 71:3705–3714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hui J, Pestana CJ, Caux M, Gunaratne HQN, Edwards C, Robertson PKJ, Lawton LA, Irvine JTS (2021) Graphitic-C3N4 coated floating glass beads for photocatalytic destruction of synthetic and natural organic compounds in water under UV light. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 405:112935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huo H, Hu X, Wang H, Li J, Xie G, Tan X, Jin Q, Zhou D, Li C, Qiu G, Liu Y (2019) Synergy of photocatalysis and adsorption for simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and methylene blue by g-C3N4/BiFeO3/carbon nanotubes ternary composites. Int J Environ Res Pub Health 16(17):3219

  • Huseynova G, Lee J-H, Kim YH, Lee J (2020) Transparent bi-directional organic light-emitting diodes with color-tunable top emission. Org Electron 86:105900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain M, Hasnain S, Khan NA, Bano S, Zuhra F, Ali M, Khan M, Abbas N, Ali A (2021) Design and fabrication of a fast response resistive-type humidity sensor using polypyrrole (Ppy) polymer thin film structures. Polymers (Basel) 13:3019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348):56–58

  • Intrchom W, Thakkar M, Hamilton RF, Holian A, Mitra S (2018) Effect of carbon nanotube-metal hybrid particle exposure to freshwater algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 8(1):15301

  • Ishimatsu R, Edura T, Adachi C, Nakano K, Imato T (2016) Photophysical properties and efficient, stable, electrogenerated chemiluminescence of donor-acceptor molecules exhibiting thermal spin upconversion. Chemistry 22:4889–4898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ju-An Yoon J-AY, You-Hyun Kim Y-HK, Nam Ho Kim NHK, Chul Gyu Jhun CGJ, Song Eun Lee SEL, Young Kwan Kim YKK, Fu Rong Zhu FRZ, Woo Young Kim WYK (2014) Realization of high-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes using multi-emissive layers. Chin Opt Lett 12:012302–012305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karelou M, Kourafalos V, Tragomalou AP, Marakos P, Pouli N, Tsitsilonis OE, Gikas E, Kostakis IK (2020) Synthesis, biological evaluation and stability studies of some novel aza-acridine aminoderivatives. Molecules 25:4584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kausar A (2020) Holistic insights on polyimide nanocomposite nanofiber. Polym-Plast Technol Mater 59:1621–1639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EH, Choi HC (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on carbon nanotube–TiO2–Pd composites. Bull Korean Chem Soc 37:1866–1869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TY, Kim WJ, Lee TH, Kim JE, Suh KS (2007) Electrical conduction of polyimide films prepared from polyamic acid (PAA) and pre-imidized polyimide (PI) solution. Express Polym Lett 1:427–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koval’chuk EP, Tomilov AP, Krupak AI, Kovalyshyn YS (2011) Synthesis and electrochemical properties of composites based on carbon nanotubes and polyaniline. Russ J Electrochem 47:1125–1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozurkova M (2022) Acridine derivatives as inhibitors/poisons of topoisomerase II. J Appl Toxicol 42:544–552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J-T, Tseng H-H, Wey M-Y (2022) Excellent dispersion of solar light responsive photocatalyst in the different polymer films for easy recycling and sustainable hydrogen production. Sol Energy 231:949–957

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li C-Z, Yip H-L, Jen AKY (2012) Functional fullerenes for organic photovoltaics. J Mater Chem 22:4161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Shen L, Liu S, Zhang L (2014a) Preparation of rod-shaped polythiophene-coated polystyrene nanocomposite particles. Colloid Polym Sci 292:3319–3326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Zheng P, Guo J, Ji J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhan E, Abbas G (2014b) Characteristics of self-alkalization in high-rate denitrifying automatic circulation (DAC) reactor fed with methanol and sodium acetate. Bioresour Technol 154:44–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Nie X, Chen J, Jiang Q, An T, Wong PK, Zhang H, Zhao H, Yamashita H (2015) Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst synthesized using a hydrothermal-calcination approach. Water Res 86:17–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yin Y, Liu E, Ma Y, Wan J, Fan J, Hu X (2017) In situ growing Bi(2)MoO(6) on g-C(3)N(4) nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and disinfection of bacteria under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 321:183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Wang J, Yang P (2016) Photochemical reactions of g-C3N4-based heterostructured composites in Rhodamine B degradation under visible light. RSC Adv 6:34334–34341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Ma S, Shao L, Liu H, Gao Q, Li B, Fu H, Fu S, Ye H, Zhao F, Zhou J (2020) Defective engineering in graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for efficient photocatalytic pathogenic bacteria disinfection. Appl Catal B: Environ 261:118201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Zhang W, Zhu P, Zuo S, Xia H (2021) Highly efficient and stable Ag-g-C3N4/AC photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation, Cr(VI) reduction and bacteriostasis under visible light irradiation. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Zhai Z, Sun J, He Y, Yuan Z, Chen S (2022a) Synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride and polypyrrole nanocomposite (PPy/g-C3N4) as efficient photocatalysts for dibenzothiophene degradation in oilfield produced wastewater. Int J Electrochem Sci 17:221264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Wang X, Sun Q, Yuan M, Sun Z, Xia S, Zhao J (2022b) Enhanced visible light photo-Fenton-like degradation of tetracyclines by expanded perlite supported FeMo(3)O(x)/g-C(3)N(4) floating Z-scheme catalyst. J Hazard Mater 424:127387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu S, Li X, Yu B, Ding J, Zhong Y, Zhang H (2022) Efficient Microcystis aeruginosa coagulation and removal by palladium clusters doped g-C(3)N(4) with no light irradiation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 246:114148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma G, Liang X, Li L, Qiao R, Jiang D, Ding Y, Chen H (2014) Cu-doped zinc oxide and its polythiophene composites: preparation and antibacterial properties. Chemosphere 100:146–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Zhan S, Jia Y, Shi Q, Zhou Q (2016) Enhanced disinfection application of Ag-modified g-C3N4 composite under visible light. Appl Catal B 186:77–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margadonna S, Prassides K (2002) Recent advances in fullerene superconductivity. J Solid State Chem 168:639–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maruthapandi M, Saravanan A, Luong JHT, Gedanken A (2020) Antimicrobial properties of the polyaniline composites against pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Funct Biomater 11:59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miao Y, Yin M (2022) Recent progress on organic light-emitting diodes with phosphorescent ultrathin (<1nm) light-emitting layers. iScience 25:103804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miao H, Yang J, Wei Y, Li W, Zhu Y (2018) Visible-light photocatalysis of PDI nanowires enhanced by plasmonic effect of the gold nanoparticles. Appl Catal B: Environ 239:61–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammad I, Jeshurun A, Ponnusamy P, Reddy BM (2022) Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride/hydroxyapatite (g-C3N4/HAp) nanocomposites for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye. Mater Today Commun 33:104788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morita T, Chida Y, Hoshino D, Fujiya T, Nishioka Y (2010) Fabrication and characterization of a polypyrrole soft actuator having corrugated structures. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 519:121–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter KJ, Venkiteswaran JJ, Simon DF, Vo Duy S, Sauve S, Baulch HM (2022) Early and late cyanobacterial bloomers in a shallow, eutrophic lake. Environ Sci Process Impacts 24:1212–1227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pal M, Yesankar PJ, Dwivedi A, Qureshi A (2020) Biotic control of harmful algal blooms (HABs): a brief review. J Environ Manage 268:110687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zeng G, Shao B, Liang Q, He Q, Yuan X, Huang D, Chen M (2020) Advances in photocatalysis based on fullerene C60 and its derivatives: properties, mechanism, synthesis, and applications. Appl Catal B: Environ 265:118579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei X, Zhai W, Zheng W (2014) Preparation and characterization of highly cross-linked polyimide aerogels based on polyimide containing trimethoxysilane side groups. Langmuir 30:13375–13383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pikula KS, Zakharenko AM, Chaika VV, Vedyagin AA, Orlova TY, Mishakov IV, Kuznetsov VL, Park S, Renieri EA, Kahru A, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS (2018) Effects of carbon and silicon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers on marine microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo. Environ Res 166:473–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porcu S, Secci F, Ricci PC (2022) Advances in hybrid composites for photocatalytic applications: a review. Molecules 27:6828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prabakaran E, Velempini T, Molefe M, Pillay K (2021a) Comparative study of KF, KCl and KBr doped with graphitic carbon nitride for superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light. J Market Res 15:6340–6355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prabakaran K, Manivannan R, Oh H, Parthiban C, Son Y-A (2021b) Synthesis and characterisation of new acridine dye molecules combined UV absorber and exploring photophysical properties. Dyes Pigm 192:109391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian J, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yan X, Du Y, Ma R, Ni BJ (2022) Revealing the mechanisms of polypyrrole (Ppy) enhancing methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS). Water Res 226:119291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qin B, Li W, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Wu T, Gao G (2015) Cyanobacterial bloom management through integrated monitoring and forecasting in large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu (China). J Hazard Mater 287:356–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu G, Ma W, Wu L (2020) Low dielectric constant polyimide mixtures fabricated by polyimide matrix and polyimide microsphere fillers. Polym Int 69:485–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu Z, Jing Z, Chen X, Wang Z, Ren H, Huang L (2023) Preparation and photocatalytic performance study of dual Z-scheme Bi2Zr2O7/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 for removal of antibiotics by visible-light. J Environ Sci 125:349–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput Y, Kumar P, Zhang TC, Kumar D, Nemiwal M (2022) Recent advances in g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:38533–38555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos LS, Sinn JP, Lehman BL, Pfeufer EE, Peter KA, McNellis TW (2015) Erwinia amylovora pyrC mutant causes fire blight despite pyrimidine auxotrophy. Lett Appl Microbiol 60:572–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ran B, Ran L, Wang Z, Liao J, Li D, Chen K, Cai W, Hou J, Peng X (2023) Photocatalytic antimicrobials: principles, design strategies, and applications. Chem Rev 123:12371–12430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren X, Hao J, Guo L, Sathishkumar G, Xu L (2021) Quaternary ammonium functionalized cationic polythiophene for the detection and imaging of gram-positive bacteria. Polym Bull 79:2747–2761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rolim SBA, Veettil BK, Vieiro AP, Kessler AB, Gonzatti C (2023) Remote sensing for mapping algal blooms in freshwater lakes: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30:19602–19616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozycka D, Kowalczyk A, Denel-Bobrowska M, Kuzmycz O, Gapinska M, Staczek P, Olejniczak AB (2023) Acridine/acridone-carborane conjugates as strong DNA-binding agents with anticancer potential. Chem Med Chem e202200666

  • Sampaio MJ, Silva CG, Marques RRN, Silva AMT, Faria JL (2011) Carbon nanotube–TiO2 thin films for photocatalytic applications. Catal Today 161:91–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saritha R, Annes SB, Ramesh S (2021) Metal-free, regioselective, visible light activation of 4CzIPN for the arylation of 2H-indazole derivatives. RSC Adv 11:14079–14084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt A, Liu M (2015) Recent advances in the chemistry of acridines. Adv Heterocycl Chem 115:287–353

  • Shaban M, Rabia M, Fathallah W, El-Mawgoud NA, Mahmoud A, Hussien H, Said O (2017) Preparation and characterization of polyaniline and ag/ polyaniline composite nanoporous particles and their antimicrobial activities. J Polym Environ 26:434–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen L, Dou M, Xia R, Li G, Yang B (2021) Effects of hydrological change on the risk of riverine algal blooms: case study in the mid-downstream of the Han River in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:19851–19865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PP, Srivastava V (2022) Recent advances in visible-light graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalysts for chemical transformations. RSC Adv 12:18245–18265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PP, Singh J, Srivastava V (2023) Visible-light acridinium-based organophotoredox catalysis in late-stage synthetic applications. RSC Adv 13:10958–10986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song J, Li C, Wang X, Zhi S, Wang X, Sun J (2021) Visible-light-driven heterostructured g-C3N4/Bi-TiO2 floating photocatalyst with enhanced charge carrier separation for photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa. Front Environ Sci Eng 15:129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava V, Singh PK, Singh PP (2022) Recent advances of visible-light photocatalysis in the functionalization of organic compounds. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 50:100488

  • Summers EJ, Ryder JL (2023) A critical review of operational strategies for the management of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in inland reservoirs. J Environ Manage 330:117141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun S, Tang Q, Zhou L, Gao Y, Zhang W, Liu W, Jiang C, Wan J, Zhou L, Xie M (2022a) Exploring the photocatalytic inactivation mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa under visible light using Ag(3)PO(4)/g-C(3)N(4). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29:29993–30003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun S, Tang Q, Zhou L, Gao Y, Zhang W, Liu W, Jiang C, Wan J, Zhou L, Xie M (2022b) Exploring the photocatalytic inactivation mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa under visible light using Ag3PO4/g-C3N4. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:29993–30003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Tian J, Li S, Xue C, Xue Z, Yin D, Yu S (2015) Combined effects of graphene oxide and Cd on the photosynthetic capacity and survival of Microcystis aeruginosa. Sci Total Environ 532:154–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang R, Gong D, Zhou Y, Deng Y, Feng C, Xiong S, Huang Y, Peng G, Li L (2022) Unique g-C3N4/PDI-g-C3N4 homojunction with synergistic piezo-photocatalytic effect for aquatic contaminant control and H2O2 generation under visible light. Appl Catal B: Environ 303:120929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakkar M, Mitra S, Wei L (2016) Effect on growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress of single walled carbon nanotubes exposure to marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. J Nanomater 2016:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varakumar P, Rajagopal K, Aparna B, Raman K, Byran G, Goncalves Lima CM, Rashid S, Nafady MH, Emran TB, Wybraniec S (2022) Acridine as an anti-tumour agent: a critical review. Molecules 28:193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wamser CC, Ghosh A (2022) The hyperporphyrin concept: a contemporary perspective. JACS Au 2:1543–1560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Zhang F, Zhang J, Tang W, Tang A, Peng H, Xu Z, Teng F, Wang Y (2013) Key issues and recent progress of high efficient organic light-emitting diodes. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 17:69–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Huang G, Yu JC, Wong PK (2015) Advances in photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria: development of photocatalysts and mechanisms. J Environ Sci (China) 34:232–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, An T, Li G, Xia D, Zhao H, Yu JC, Wong PK (2017a) Earth-abundant Ni2P/g-C3N4 lamellar nanohydrids for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and bacterial inactivation under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B: Environ 217:570–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Liu Y, Gong Y, Suo X, Li H (2017b) Liquid flame spray fabrication of polyimide-copper coatings for antifouling applications. Mater Lett 190:217–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Wu CX, Yan LK, Su ZM (2018a) First-principles calculation of geometric, electronic structures and optical properties of Lindqvist-type polyoxometalates functionalized carbon nitride. Comput Mater Sci 148:260–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Wang X, Zhao J, Song J, Su C, Wang Z (2018b) Adsorption-photocatalysis functional expanded graphite C/C composite for in-situ photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa. Chem Eng J 341:516–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Li M, Liu Y, Song J, Li C, Bo Z (2019a) Perylene diimide based star-shaped small molecular acceptors for high efficiency organic solar cells. J Mater Chem C 7:819–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Zhang X, Yu X, Gao F, Shen Z, Zhang X, Ge S, Liu J, Gu Z, Chen C (2019b) An all-organic semiconductor C(3) N(4) /PDINH heterostructure with advanced antibacterial photocatalytic therapy activity. Adv Mater 31:e1901965

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Chang Q, Zhang G, Li F, Wang X, Yang S, Troyanov SI (2020) Structural studies of giant empty and endohedral fullerenes. Front Chem 8:607712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Liao P, Li G, Chen H, Cen J, Lu S, Wong PK, An T (2021) Photocatalytic inactivation and destruction of harmful microalgae Karenia mikimotoi under visible-light irradiation: insights into physiological response and toxicity assessment. Environ Res 198:111295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang A, Wang Q, Dou Y, Sudi MS, Zhu W, Shang D, Li L (2022a) Porphyrin coordination polymer supported transition-metal sulfides as precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting. Dyes Pigm 206:110620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Chen J, Che H, Wang P, Ao Y (2022b) Flexible g-C3N4-based photocatalytic membrane for efficient inactivation of harmful algae under visible light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 601:154270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Chen J, Lin L, Yan N, Yang W, Cai K, Tian H, Chen X (2022d) Anion receptor-mediated multicomponent synergistic self-assembly of porphyrin for efficient phototherapy to elicit tumor immunotherapy. Nano Today 46:101579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Peng W, Gui H, Li J, Yu H (2022e) Effects of different conditions on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Pol J Environ Stud 31:1355–1362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Xu Y, Wang C, Yue L, Liu T, Lan Q, Cao X, Xing B (2023) Photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of microcystin by g-C3N4/Cu-MOF nanocomposite under visible light. Sep Purif Technol 313:123515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Chen J, Gao X, Ao Y, Wang P (2022c) Maximizing the utilization of photo-generated electrons and holes of g-C3N4 photocatalyst for harmful algae inactivation. Chem Eng J 431:134105

  • Wei L, Thakkar M, Chen Y, Ntim SA, Mitra S, Zhang X (2010) Cytotoxicity effects of water dispersible oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on marine alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta. Aquat Toxicol 100:194–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weng Y, Zheng J, Zhang M (2021) Integration with MoO3 microrods as precursors for hierarchical polyaniline microtubes and composites for anionic dye removal in water treatment. New J Chem 45:14036–14041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White A, Wang L, Nicewicz D (2019) Synthesis and characterization of acridinium dyes for photoredox catalysis. Synlett 30:827–832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson GM, Walter JA, Buelo CD, Pace ML (2021) No evidence of widespread algal bloom intensification in hundreds of lakes. Front Ecol Environ 20:16–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu C, Li X, Shao M, Kan J, Wang G, Geng Y, Dong Y-B (2022) Porphyrin covalent organic framework for photocatalytic synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines. Chin Chem Lett 33:4559–4562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia Z, Yuan H, Liu J, Sun Y, Tong Y, Zhao S, Xia J, Li S, Hu M, Cao J, Zhang J, He P (2022) A review of physical, chemical, and biological green tide prevention methods in the Southern Yellow Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 180:113772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie B, Chen D, Li N, Xu Q, Li H, Lu J (2023) Lead-Free Cs3Bi2Br 9 perovskite In-situ growth on 3D Flower-like g-C3N4 microspheres to improve photocatalytic performance. Chem Eng J 452:139662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZP, Zeng QH, Lu GQ, Yu AB (2006) Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers for efficient cellular delivery. Chem Eng Sci 61:1027–1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu S, Zhu Y, Jiang L, Dan Y (2010a) Visible light induced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by polythiophene/TiO2 composite particles. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:151–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu SH, Li SY, Wei YX, Zhang L, Xu F (2010b) Improving the photocatalytic performance of conducting polymer polythiophene sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. React Kinet Mech Catal 101:237–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Wang Z, Zhu Y (2017) Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic disinfection performance and organic pollutant degradation activity of porous g-C(3)N(4) nanosheets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:27727–27735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Lan X, Cheng J, Zhou X (2022) Facile synthesis of g-C(3)N(4)/Ag(2)C(2)O(4) heterojunction composite membrane with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity for water disinfection. Chemosphere 295:133841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan SC, Lv SB, Li ZS, Zou ZG (2010) Organic-inorganic composite photocatalyst of g-C(3)N(4) and TaON with improved visible light photocatalytic activities. Dalton Trans 39:1488–1491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan H, Wang G, Wu D, Huang Y, Shang M, Xu J, Shan K, Shi X, Dong J, Feng L, Zhou B, Yuan Y, Zhao Y (2017) Water bloom precursor analysis based on two direction S-rough set. Water Resour Manage 31:1435–1456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan C, Dong J, Chen Y, Zhou W, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Wang L-n (2022) Organic photocatalysts: from molecular to aggregate level. Nano Res 15:3835–3858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Dai K, Zhang J, Dawson G (2022) Inorganic-organic hybrid photocatalysts: syntheses, mechanisms, and applications. Chin J Catal 43:2111–2140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao J, Xiao P, Zhang Y, Zhan M, Cheng J (2011) A mathematical model of algal blooms based on the characteristics of complex networks theory. Ecol Model 222:3727–3733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhang Y (2008) TiO2–carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays with a controllable thickness of TiO2 layer and their first application in photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 200:301–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zainuddin Z, Lalung J, Yusof TN, Rafatullah M, Ismail N (2021) Biological control of cyanobacterial bloom by leaf biomass. Desalin Water Treat 219:157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng G, Zhang R, Liang D, Wang F, Han Y, Luo Y, Gao P, Wang Q, Wang Q, Yu C, Jin L, Sun D (2023) Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of algae removal technology and its development status. Water 15:1104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan M-m, Liu P-r, Liu X-y, Hong Y, Xie X (2021) Inactivation and removal technologies for algal-bloom control: advances and challenges. Curr Pollut Rep 7:392–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Dwivedi V, Chi C, Wu J (2010) Graphene oxide/ferric hydroxide composites for efficient arsenate removal from drinking water. J Hazard Mater 182:162–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Li Y, Shuai D, Zhang W, Niu L, Wang L, Zhang H (2018a) Visible-light-driven, water-surface-floating antimicrobials developed from graphitic carbon nitride and expanded perlite for water disinfection. Chemosphere 208:84–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Wang J, Jiang W, Yao W, Yang H, Zhu Y (2018b) Self-assembled perylene diimide based supramolecular heterojunction with Bi2WO6 for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Appl Catal B: Environ 232:175–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Li Y, Shuai D, Shen Y, Wang D (2019a) Progress and challenges in photocatalytic disinfection of waterborne viruses: a review to fill current knowledge gaps. Chem Eng J 355:399–415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Wang X, Liu H, Liu C, Wan Y, Long Y, Cai Z (2019b) Recent advances and applications of semiconductor photocatalytic technology. Appl Sci 9:2489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Yu H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Wang H (2014) Fabrication of atomic single layer graphitic-C3N4 and its high performance of photocatalytic disinfection under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B: Environ 152–153:46–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhilyaev KA, Lipilin DL, Kosobokov MD, Samigullina AI, Dilman AD (2022) Preparation and evaluation of sterically hindered acridine photocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 364:3295–3301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Zhao C, Chen J, Chen L (2021) Influence of B, Zn, and B-Zn doping on electronic structure and optical properties of g-C3N4 photocatalyst: a first-principles study. Results Phys 26:104338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Laipan M, Zhu R, Xu T, Liu J, Zhu J, Xi Y, Zhu G, He H (2017) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Zn/Ti-LDH via hybridizing with C60. Mol Catal 427:54–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang H, Wang F, Shi K, Yang K (2023) Designed synthesis of PDI/BiOCl-BiPO4 composited material for boosted photocatalytic contaminant degradation. Catalysts 13:688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Program for Scientific Research Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province (2022KJ182), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 31901188 and NO. 31971503), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M691850), and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2020QC048 and ZR2019BB040).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yushan Wei and Renjun Wang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People’s Republic of China

    Yushan Wei, Renjun Wang, Mengjiao Wang, Lijun Hu, Xinyi Zhang, Yuling Xu, Yanyan Liu, Feng Lan & Junfeng Chen

Authors
  1. Yushan Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Renjun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mengjiao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lijun Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xinyi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuling Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yanyan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Feng Lan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Junfeng Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

JC, YW, and RW conceived and designed the experiments. The experiments were performed by YW, JC, MW, LH, XZ, YX, YL, FL, and RW. Data was analyzed by YW, JC, MW, LH, XZ, YX, YL, FL, and RW. The paper was written by YW and JC.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Junfeng Chen.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

No applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wei, Y., Wang, R., Wang, M. et al. Research status and prospects of organic photocatalysts in algal inhibition and sterilization: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 5013–5031 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31665-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31665-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation