Abstract
Mud banks and upwelling are two important oceanographic features occurring along the southwest coast of India during the southwest monsoon period. The study region, Alappuzha lying on the southwest coast of India, is unique due to the co-existence of upwelling and mud banks during the monsoon (MON) season. Water samples were collected from three stations, M1, M2, and M3, from April to September 2014, at weekly/biweekly intervals to determine the total bacterial abundance, viable prokaryotic counts, and total plate counts, along with measurements on physico-chemical parameters. For determining the heterotrophic culturable bacterial diversity, water samples were collected during two seasons, monsoon and pre-monsoon (PRM), from three stations. Water samples were inoculated into two non-selective broths for enrichment, DNA was extracted, and next-generation sequencing analysis was performed using Illumina Miseq sequencing. The sequence analysis revealed that dominant communities were Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Fusobacteria. Proportions of Fusobacteria increased during monsoon and proportions of Firmicutes were high in premonsoon season. Among Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteri is presented more than 99% of all the classes, irrespective of seasons. Vibrio was the most dominant genus during both seasons. The presence of anaerobic genera such as Propionigenium and Cetobacterium at all the stations during MON indicated the presence of upwelled waters. The genus Stenotrophomonas was observed in the M2 station alone. This study provides an overview of the culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in a region in the southeastern Arabian Sea with coexisting mud banks and upwelling. The results of this study were compared with a published report on culture-independent bacterial diversity (from environmental DNA) from the same region. The study demonstrates that the use of culture media underrepresented the phylogenetic diversity and selectively enriched the class Gammaproteobacteria alone.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Director, NIO, Goa, and all our colleagues in CSIR-NIO (RC), Kochi for their support and advice. AP and JV are grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for funding for the project (AP) and for the senior research fellowship grant (JV). Authors are grateful to Dr. Maheswari Nair, Dr. Gireesh Kumar and Mr. Muraledharan KR for the physico-chemical data and to Dr. Deepak George Pazhayamadom, Museum and Art Gallery Northern Territory (MAGNT), Darwin, Australia for IndVal analysis.
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JV is grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for the senior research fellowship grant.
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ESM 1
Rarefaction analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from the bacterial communities at M1, M2, and M3 stations during PRM and MON. Fig. S2 Figure representing the taxonomic classification of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from the bacterial communities at M1, M2, and M3 stations during PRM and MON. Samples at the class level for (a) Preoteobacteria and (b) Firmicutes (DOCX 233 kb)
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Vijayan, J., Ammini, P. & Nathan, V.K. Diversity pattern of marine culturable heterotrophic bacteria in a region with coexisting upwelling and mud banks in the southeastern Arabian Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 3967–3982 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15772-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15772-8