Abstract
Three types of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) of optimized design with respect to both chromatic dispersion and loss were used to investigate supercontinuum generation (SCG). The optical properties of HC-PCFs filled with nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) with the circular lattice (CL), square lattice (SL), and hexagonal lattice (HL) are analyzed to choose the optimal fiber. As a result, the three optimized structures: #CF1 (lattice constant (Λ) of 1.0 μm, filling factor (f1) of 0.65, and core diameter (Dc) of 1.285 µm), #SF2 (Λ = 1.0 μm, f1 = 0.7, and Dc = 1.23 µm), #HF3 (Λ = 1.0 μm, f1 = 0.45, and Dc = 1.505 µm) with flat and close to zero chromatic dispersion curve in the investigated wavelength region, have the values of chromatic dispersion − 10 ps.nm−1.km−1 at 1.15 μm, − 7.7 ps.nm−1.km−1 at 1.23 μm, and − 3.0 ps nm−1 km−1 at the 1.55 μm pump wavelength, respectively are intended for SCG in an all-normal dispersion regime. We demonstrate the possibility of coherent octave-wide SCG in the wavelength range of 0.72 ÷ 1.7 μm, 0.74 ÷ 1.77 μm, and 0.83 ÷ 2.36 μm with 90 fs pulses and 10 pJ of low energy in-coupled into the considered fibers core. The obtained results show that SCG with HL-PCFs has the highest efficiency, although all fibers are examined with the same input energy. Especially, the supercontinuum (SC) spectral bandwidth is independent of the type of lattice at the pump energy of 1.57 pJ, and this can be seen as a limitation between the pure self-phase modulation and other nonlinear processes contributing to SCG.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, G.: Nonlinear Fiber Optics. Academic Press, Cambridge (2012)
Alfano, R.R.: The ultimate white light. Sci. Am. 295, 86–93 (2006)
Birks, T.A., Knight, J.C., Russell, P.S.J.: Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997)
Buczyński, R.: Photonic crystal fibers. Acta Phys. Pol. A 106, 141–168 (2004)
Churin, D., Nguyen, T.N., Kieu, K., Norwood, R.A., Peyghambarian, N.: Mid-IR supercontinuum generation in an integrated liquid core optical fiber filled with CS2. Opt. Mater. Express 3, 1358–1364 (2013)
Corwin, K.L., Newbury, N.R., Dudley, J.M., Coen, S., Diddams, S.A., Weber, K., Windeler, R.S.: Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904 (2003)
Dudley, J.M., Genty, G., Coen, S.: Supercontinuum generation is photonic crystal fiber. J. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006)
Dudley, J.M., Taylor, J.R.: Supercontinuum Generation in Optical Fibers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)
Fanjoux, G., Margueron, S., Beugnot, J.C., Sylvestre, T.: Supercontinuum generation by stimulated Raman-Kerr scattering in a liquid core optical fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34, 1677–1683 (2017)
Finot, C., Kibler, B., Provost, L., Wabnitz, S.: Beneficial impact of wave-breaking for coherent continuum formation in normally dispersive nonlinear fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1938–1948 (2008)
Genier, E., Bowen, P., Sylvestre, T., Dudley, J.M., Moselund, P., Bang, O.: Amplitude noise all-normal dispersion coherence degradation of femtosecond supercontinuum generation in all normal-dispersion fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, A161–A167 (2019)
Heidt, A.M., Feehan, J.S., Price, J.H.V., Feurer, T.: Limits of coherent supercontinuum generation in normal dispersion fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34, 764–775 (2017)
Ho, D.Q., Pniewski, J., Le, V.H., Ramaniuk, A., Cao, L.V., Borzycki, K., Khoa, D.X., Klimczak, M., Buczyński, R.: Optimization of optical properties of photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with carbon tetrachloride for supercontinuum generation with subnanojoule femtosecond pulses. Appl. Opt. 57, 3738–3746 (2018)
Hoang, V.T., Kasztelanic, R., Anuszkiewicz, A., Stepniewski, G., Filipkowski, A., Ertman, S., Pysz, D., Wolinski, T., Xuan, K.D., Klimczak, M., Buczynski, R.: All-normal dispersion supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers with large hollow cores infiltrated with toluene. Opt. Mater. Express 8, 3568–3582 (2018)
Hoang, V.T., Kasztelanic, R., Filipkowski, A., Stępniewski, G., Pysz, D., Klimczak, M., Ertman, S., Cao, L.V., Woliński, T.R., Trippenbach, M., Khoa, D.X., Śmietana, M., Buczyński, R.: Supercontinuum generation in an all-normal dispersion large core photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with carbon tetrachloride. Opt. Mater. Express 9, 2264–2278 (2019)
Kedenburg, S., Vieweg, M., Gissibl, T., Giessen, H.: Linear refractive index and absorption measurements of nonlinear optical liquids in the visible and near-infrared spectral region. Opt. Mat. Express 2, 1588–1611 (2012)
Knight, J.C., Birks, T.A., Russell, P.S.J., Atkin, D.M.: All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding. Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996)
Lanh, C.V., Anuszkiewicz, A., Ramaniuk, A., Kasztelanic, R., Khoa, D.X., Trippenbach, M., Buczyński, R.: Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres with core filled with toluene. J. Opt. 19, 125604 (2017)
Lanh, C.V., Thuy, H.V., Van, C.L., Borzycki, K., Khoa, D.X., Vu, T.Q., Trippenbach, M., Buczyński, R., Pniewski, J.: Optimization of optical properties of photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with chloroform for supercontinuum generation. Laser Phys. 29, 075107 (2019)
Lanh, C.V., Thuy, H.V., Van, C.L., Borzycki, K., Khoa, D.X., Vu, T.Q., Trippenbach, M., Buczyński, R., Pniewski, J.: Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with nitrobenzene. Laser Phys. 30, 035105 (2020)
Monfared, Y.E., Javan, A.R.M., Kashani, A.R.M.: Confinement loss in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fibers. Optik 124, 7049–7052 (2013)
Pandey, S.K., Prajapati, Y.K., Maurya, J.B.: Design of simple circular photonic crystal fiber having high negative dispersion and ultra-low confinement loss. Results Opt. 1, 100024 (2020)
Petersen, C.R., Moselund, P.M., Huot, L., Hooper, L., Bang, O.: Towards a table-top synchrotron based on supercontinuum generation. Infrared Phys. Technol 91, 182–186 (2018)
Pysz, D., Kujawa, I., Stepien, R., Klimczak, M., Filipkowski, A., Franczyk, M., Kociszewski, L., Buzniak, J., Harasny, K., Buczynski, R.: Stack and draw fabrication of soft glass microstructured fiber optics. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci 62, 667–682 (2014)
Qian, K., Gu, Z., Xu, J., Dong, X., Yu, W., Yu, Z., Ren, D.: Noise-like pulse erbium-doped fiber laser for supercontinuum generation. Optik 158, 215–219 (2018)
Rostami, A., Soofi, H.: Correspondence between effective mode area and dispersion variations in defected core photonic crystal fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 29, 234–241 (2011)
Saitoh, K., Koshiba, M., Hasegawa, T., Sasaoka, E.: Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion. Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003)
Sen, S., Shafi, M.A.A., Kabir, M.A.: Hexagonal photonic crystal Fiber (H-PCF) based optical sensor with high relative sensitivity all-normal dispersion low confinement loss for terahertz (THz) regime. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 30, 100377 (2020)
Sutherland, R.L., McLean, D.G., Kirkpatrick, S.: Handbook of Nonlinear Optics. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2003)
Tan, C.Z.: Determination of refractive index of silica glass for infrared wavelengths by IR spectroscopy. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 223, 158–163 (1998)
Tran, L.T.B., Thuy, N.T., Ngoc, V.T.M., Trung, L.C., Minh, L.V., Van, C.L., Khoa, D.X., Lanh, C.V.: Analysis of dispersion characteristics of solid-core PCFs with different types of lattices in the claddings, infiltrated with ethanol. Photon. Lett. Poland 12, 106–108 (2020)
Tu, H., Boppart, S.A.: Coherent fiber supercontinuum for biophotonics. Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 628–645 (2013)
Vieweg, M., Gissibl, T., Pricking, S., Kuhlmey, B.T., Wu, D.C., Eggleton, B.J., Giessen, H.: Ultrafast nonlinear optofluidics in selectively liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Express 18, 25232–25240 (2010)
Wang, Y., Li, S., Wu, J., Yu, P., Li, Z.: Design of an ultrabroadband and compact filter based on square-lattice photonic crystal fiber with two large gold-coated air holes. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundament. Appl. 41, 100816 (2020)
Woodward, J.T., Smith, A.W., Jenkins, C.A., Lin, C., Brown, S.W., Lykke, K.R.: Supercontinuum sources for metrology. Metrologia 46, S277–S282 (2009)
Xu, Y., Chen, X., Zhu, Y.: “High sensitive temperature sensor using a liquid-core optical fiber with small refractive index difference between core and cladding materials. Sensors 8, 1872–1878 (2008)
Zhang, H., Chang, S., Yuan, J., Huang, D.: Supercontinuum generation in chloroform-filled photonic crystal fibers. Optik 121, 783–787 (2010)
Zhao, P., Reichert, M., Benis, S., Hagan, D.J., Stryland, E.W.V.: Temporal and polarization dependence of the nonlinear optical response of solvents. Optica 5, 583–594 (2018)
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 103.03-2020.03; Vietnam’s Ministry of Education and Training (B2021- DHH-08).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chu Van, L., Nguyen Thi, T., Hoang Trong, D. et al. Comparison of supercontinuum spectrum generating by hollow core PCFs filled with nitrobenzene with different lattice types. Opt Quant Electron 54, 300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03667-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03667-y