Abstract
The presented study deals with the investigations of the methyl ammonium tin halide (CH3NH3SnI3) based perovskite solar cells for optimized device performance using solar capacitance simulations software. Several necessary parameters such as metal work functions, thickness of structural layers, charge carrier’s mobility and defect density have been explored to evaluate the device performance. Calculations reveal that for the best efficiency of device the maximum thickness of the perovskite (CH3NH3SnI3) absorber layer must be 4.2 μm. The thickness values of 0.01 μm for ZnO electron transport layer (ETL), 0.871 μm for GaAs hole transport layer and 0.001 μm for CdS buffer layer have been found which proved to be optimum for maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.80% for the device. The variation of open circuit voltage (Voc), Short circuit current (Jsc), Fill Factor (FF %), quantum efficiency (QE) against thickness of all layers and interface defect densities in FTO/ZnO/CdS/CH3NH3SnI3/GaAs/Au composition have been critically explored and their crucial role for the device performance has been reported. Heterojunctions between ZnO-ETL and CdS buffer layers have shown improved device performance and PCE. Current investigations may prove to be useful for designing and fabrication of climate friendly, non-toxic and highly efficient solar cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelaziz, S., Zekry, A.A., Shaker, A., Abouelatta-Ebrahim, M.: Investigating the performance of formamidinium tin-based perovskite solar cell by SCAPS device simulation. Opt. Mater. 101, 109738 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109738
Ahmed, M.I., Habib, A., Javaid, S.S.: Perovskite solar cells: potentials, challenges and opportunities. Int. J. Photo Energy (2015). https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/592308
Anwar, F., Mahbub, R., Satter, S.S., Ullah, S.M.: Int. J. Photoenergy 2017, 9 Article ID 9846310. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9846310
Arar, R., Ouahrani, T., Varshney, D., Khenata, R., Murtaza, G., Rached, D., Bouhemadou, A., Al-Douri, Y., Bin Oman, S., Reshak, A.H.: Structural, mechanical and electronic properties of sodium based fluro-perovskites NaXF3 (X= Mg, Zn) from first-principle calculations. Mater. Sci. Semi. Pro. 33, 127–135 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.01.040
Bhattarai, S., Das, T.D.: Optimization of carrier transport materials for the performance enhancement of MAGeI3 based perovskite solar cell. Solar Energy 217, 200–20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.002
Burgelman, M., Nollet, P., Degrave, S.: Modelling polycrystalline semiconductor solar cells. Thin Solid Films. 361–362, 527–532 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00825-1
Chen, Y., Yuehui, Hu., Meng, Qi., Yan, H., Shuai, W., Zhang, Z.: Continuous size of tuning of mono dispersed Zno nanoparticlesand its size effects on the performance of perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 30, 4726–4736 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00726
Dai, Z., Ou, Q., Wang, C., Si, G., Shabbir, B., Zheng, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Bao, Q.: Capillary-bridge mediated assembly of aligned perovskite quantum dots for high-performance photodetectors. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(20), 5954–5961 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC01104H
Das, N., Paul R.: Int. Res. J. Moderniz. Eng. Technol. Sci. 02(08/A) (2020)
Deepthi Jayan, K., Sebastian, V.: Comprehensive device modelling and performance analysis of MASnI3 based perovskite solar cells with diverse, ETM, HTM, and back metal contacts. Solar Energy 217, 40–48 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/abf46c
Deschler, F., Price, M., Pathak, S.: High photo luminescence efficiency and optically pumped lasing in solution-processed mixed halide perovskite semi-conductors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(8), 1421–1426 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jz5005285
Giustino, F., Snaith, H.J.: Toward lead-free perovskite soar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 1233–1240 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00499
Green, M.A., Ho-Baillie, A., Snaith, H.J.: The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. 8, 506–514 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/NPHOTON.2014.134
Hima, A., Lakhdar, N., Benhaoua, B., Saadoune, A., Kemerchou, I., Rogti, F.: An optimized perovskite solar cell designs for high conversion efficiency. Superlattices Microstruct. 129(2019), 240–246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2019.04.007
Hima, A., Lakhdar, N., Benhaoua, B., Saadoune, A., Kemerchou, I., Rogti, F.: Precieving of defect tolerance in perovskite absorber layer of efficient perovskite solar cell. Superlattices Microstruct. 129, 240–246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000217
Hossain, M.I., Alharbi, F.H., Tabet, N.: Copper oxide as inorganic hole transport material for lead halide perovskite based solar cells. Sol. Energy 120, 370–380 (2015a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.07.040
Hossain, M.I., Fahhad, H., Alharbi, N.T.: Copper oxide as inorganic hole transport material for lead halide perovskite based solar cells. Sol. Energy 120, 370–380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.07.040
Huang, L., Sun, X., Li, C., Xu, R., Xu, J., Du, Y., Wu, Y., Ni, J., Cai, H., Li, J., Hu, Z., Zhang, J.: Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 157, 1038–1047 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.08.025
Hui-Jing, D., Wang, W.-C., Zhu, J.-Z.: Device simulation of lead free Ch3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cell with high efficiency. Chin Phys B 25(10), 108802 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/25/10/108802
Hui-Jing, Du., Wang, W.-C., Zhu, J.-Z.: Device simulation of lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cells with high efficiency. Chin. Phys. B 25(10), 25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/25/10/108802
Kang, A.K., Zandi, M.H., Gorji, N.E.: Simulation analysis of graphene contacted perovskite solar cells using SCAPS-1D. Opt. Quant. Electron 51(4), 91 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1802-3
Karimi, E., Ghorashi, Bagher, M.: Simulation of perovskite solar cell with P3HT as hole transport layer. J Nanophotonics 11, 032510 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.11.032510
Ke, W., Kanatzidis, G.M.: Prospects for low-toxicity lead-free perovskite solar cells. Nat. Comm. 10, 1–4 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08918-3
Krishnamurthi, V., Khan, H., Ahmed, T., Zavabeti, A., Tawfik, S.A., Jain, S.K., Spencer, M.J.S., Walia, S.: Liquid-metal synthesized ultrathin sns layers for high-performance broadband photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 32(45), 2004247 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004247
Krishnamurthi, V., Khan, H., Ahmed, T., Zavabeti, A., Tawfik, S.A., Mahmood, N., Walia, S.: Broadband photodetectors: liquid-metal synthesized ultrathin SnS layers for high-performance broadband photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 32(45), 2070338 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070338
Lakhdar, N., Hima, A.: Electron transport material effect on performance of perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3GeI3. Opt. Mater. 99, 109517–109521 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109517
Li, J., Shabbir, B., Wang, C., Wan, T., Ou, Q.G., Yu, P., Tadich, A., Jiao, X., Chu, D., Qi, D., Li, D., Kan, R., Huang, Y., Dong, Y., Jasieniak, J., Zhang, Y., Bao, Q.: Perovskite x-ray detectors: flexible, printable soft-x-ray detectors based on all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots. Adv. Mater. 31, 1979214 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201970214
Liu, M., Johnston, M.B., Snaith, H.J.: Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapor deposition. Nature 501(7467), 395–403 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JPE.9.021001
Liu, F., Zhu, J., Wei, J., Li, Y., Lv, M., Yang, S., Zhang, B., Yao, J., Dai, S.: Numerical simulation: toward the high efficiency planer perovskite solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 253508–253508 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885367
Liu, J., Shabbir, B., Wang, C., Wan, T., Bao, Q.: Flexible, printable soft-x-ray detectors based on all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots. Adv. Mater. 31(30), 1901644 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901644
Liu, J., Chen, K., Khan, S.A., Shabbir, B., Zhang, Y., Khan, Q., Bao, Q.: Synthesis and optical applications of low dimensional metal-halide perovskites. Nanotechnology 31, 152002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab5a19
Minemoto, T., Murata, M.: Device modeling of perovskite solar cells based on structural similarity with thin film inorganic semiconductor solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 116, 054505–054505 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4891982
Nayak, P.K., Mahesh, S., Snaith, H.J., Cahen, D.: Photovoltaic solar cell technologies analyzing the state of the art. Nat. Rev Mater. 4, 269–285 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02912
Rai, S., Pandey, B.K., Dwivedi, D.K.: Modeling of highly efficient and low cost CH3NH3Pb(I1-xClx)3 based perovskite solar cell by numerical simulation. Opt. Mater. 100, 109631–109639 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019
Ye, T., Fu, W., Wu, J., Yu, Z., Jin, X., Chen, H., Li, H.: J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 1214–1217 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA10155G
Younis, A., Hu, L., Sharma, P., Lin, C., Mi, Y., Guan, X., Zhang, D., Wang, Y., He, T., Liu, X., Shabbir, B., Huang, S., Seidel, J., Wu, T.: Enhancing resistive switching performance and ambient stability of hybrid perovskite single crystals via embedding colloidal quantum dots. Adv. Func. Mater. 30(31), 2002948 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202002948
Zekry, A., Shaker, A., Salem, M.: Solar cells and arrays: principles, analysis, and design. Adv. Renew. Energies Power Technol 1, 562018 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812959-3.00001-0
Zou, H., Guo, D., He, B.: Enhanced photocurrent density of HTM-free perovskite solar cells by carbon quantum dots. Appl. Surf. Sci. 430, 625–631 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.05.122
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Marc. Burgelman and his team at the electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), University of Gent, Belgium for provision of access to SCAPS software.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qasim, I., Ahmad, O., Rashid, A. et al. Numerical optimization of (FTO/ZnO/CdS/CH3NH3SnI3/GaAs/Au) perovskite solar cell using solar capacitance simulator with efficiency above 23% predicted. Opt Quant Electron 53, 713 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03361-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03361-5