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Insight into β-cyclodextrin/diatomite hybrid structure as a potential carrier for ibuprofen drug molecules; equilibrium, release properties, and cytotoxicity

  • Original Paper: Sol-gel and hybrid materials for biological and health (medical) applications
  • Published:
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Abstract

β-cyclodextrin/diatomite composite (β-C/D) was characterized as a potential carrier for the ibuprofen drug (IBU) with enhanced loading and release properties. The β-C/D carrier achieved experimental and theoretical loading capacities of 419 mg/g and 596 mg/g, respectively. The loading behavior follows the Langmuir equilibrium properties and the Pseudo-Second order kinetics. The loaded IBU molecules are of monolayer and homogeneous form and their loading processes involved physical and chemical mechanisms with dominant effect for the physical processes considering the Gaussian energy of value (6.96 KJ/mol). Based on the free energy (−16.9 to −17.4 KJ/mol) and enthalpy (−8.4 KJ/mol), the loading of IBU into β-C/D occurred by spontaneous, exothermic, and favorable reactions. The release profile of the IBU-loaded β-C/D extended for 200 h in the gastric fluid (95.4%) and 100 h in the intestinal fluid (100%). The IBU release rate can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of the incorporated β-cyclodextrin polymer in the composite. The release kinetic studies and the diffusion exponent values of the Korsmeyer–Peppas (0.62 (pH 1.2) and 0.58 (pH 7.4)) suggested release mechanism controlled diffusion as well as erosion processes but with essential effect for the diffusion of the drug. The cytotoxicity studies demonstrate safe and biocompatible effects for β-C/D and IBU-loaded β-C/D on human bronchial epithelial cells.

The submitted graphical abstract reflect the formation mechanism of β-cyclodextrin/diatomite and the loading mechanism of ibuprofen drug into its structure.

Highlights

  • β-cyclodextrin/diatomite composite was synthesized as potential ibuprofen carrier.

  • It achieved loading capacity of 419 mg/g and a slow-release profile for 200 h.

  • The loading behavior follows Langmuir and Pseudo-Second order models.

  • The release is of non-Fickian behavior including erosion and diffusion processes.

  • It of low cytotoxicity effect on normal human bronchial epithelial cells.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/149), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

    Mostafa R. Abukhadra, Sherouk M. Ibrahim & Menna-Tullah Ashraf

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

    Mostafa R. Abukhadra

  3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

    Sherouk M. Ibrahim & Menna-Tullah Ashraf

  4. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Jong Seong Khim

  5. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

    Ahmed A. Allam & Hanan S. Mahmoud

  6. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Jamaan S. Ajarem

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  1. Mostafa R. Abukhadra
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The authors contribute equally in preparing the material, designing the experimental section, interpreting the results, and writing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mostafa R. Abukhadra.

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Abukhadra, M.R., Ibrahim, S.M., Ashraf, MT. et al. Insight into β-cyclodextrin/diatomite hybrid structure as a potential carrier for ibuprofen drug molecules; equilibrium, release properties, and cytotoxicity. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 100, 101–114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05630-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05630-x

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