Abstract
The existing alliance between the two caregivers is a key dimension for understanding the family context, as it affects parental behavior and children’s development. The assessment of this construct becomes even more pressing in at-risk families, where the children’s well-being may be compromised and where the parental alliance may serve as a protective factor. The Parental Alliance Inventory (PAI) is a self-report measure that assesses the parental alliance and the relationship of support and trust that exists between both parents. In this study, we intended to explore the psychometric properties of PAI in the Portuguese population, including normative and at-risk families. Participants were community parents (n = 205, M = 38.38 years; 52.2% women) and parents of Child Welfare Services (CWS) referred children (n = 273, M = 37.05 years, 82.05% women). Both samples completed the PAI and measures of parenting sense of competence, parenting stress, and marital satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the proposed original unidimensional structure of the PAI. The instrument showed good psychometric properties, presenting levels of internal consistency and a quite satisfactory reliability. Findings also showed that PAI was measurement invariant across the two subsamples. Our findings provide evidence for psychometric soundness of the PAI and support its usefulness for the European Portuguese context.
Highlights
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The Parenting Alliance Inventory is a valid and reliable measure of alliance between parents of the Portuguese population.
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Measurement invariance analysis of the PAI at community vs. at-risk parents supported invariance across samples.
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PAI can contribute to researchers and professionals’ intervention and has the advantage of being easy to apply and interpret.
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Data Availability
Data can be available to consultation when request to the corresponding author and with permission of the participants of the study.
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Author Contribution
Conceptualization, C.N., P.P. and L.A.-N.; formal analysis, C.N. and P.P.; funding acquisition, C.N. and C.M.; investigation, C.N., L.A.-N. and L.I.F.; methodology, C.N., P.P. and L.A.-N.; supervision, C.N.; writing—original draft, C.N., L.A.-N., C.M., and L.I.F.; writing—review and editing, C.N., L.A.-N., PP, C.M. and L.I.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was funded by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - as part the project CIP - Refª UID/PSI/04345/2020.
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The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or ethical standards. This project was approved by the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences of University of Algarve, Reference No. 55/20/12/2017.
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Nunes, C., Ayala-Nunes, L., Martins, C. et al. Parenting Alliance Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Invariance Among a Community and at-Risk Sample of Portuguese Parents. J Child Fam Stud 30, 3095–3104 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02080-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02080-5