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The Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS): an Indonesian Validation Study

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Abstract

Understanding parenting risk and protective factors can help clinicians and researchers to develop effective family interventions. To have knowledge of these risk and protective factors, validated assessment tools are required. Validation studies for parenting measures with Indonesian parents are lacking, despite the need for access to parenting interventions among Indonesian families. This study aimed to validate the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS), a brief parenting and family adjustment measure developed in Australia that has been validated with Panamanian and Chinese parents. A sample of 210 Indonesian parents with children aged 2–12 years old completed the Indonesian version of the PAFAS and Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale (CAPES). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used for analyses. CFA resulted a four-factor PAFAS Parenting scale (15 items) and three-factor PAFAS Family adjustment scale (8 items). SEM analyses with PAFAS and CAPES revealed a good fit of the model of relationships between parent, family and child constructs to the data. The internal consistencies of PAFAS were good or acceptable, with the exception of Parental consistency. Overall, PAFAS had satisfactory psychometric properties. It is a promising measure that can potentially be used to study parenting risk and protective factors among Indonesian families. Item improvement and further validation with more diverse samples are suggested.

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Author Contributions

A.S. designed and executed the study, conducted data analyses, and wrote the paper. A.F. assisted with data analyses, collaborated with the design, writing, and editing the final manuscript. A.M. collaborated with the design and editing the final manuscript. K.S. collaborated with the design and editing the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Psychology, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Raya Kalisari Selatan 1, Surabaya, 60112, Indonesia

    Agnes Sumargi

  2. Center for Social & Economic Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Ania Filus

  3. The Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Alina Morawska & Kate Sofronoff

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  1. Agnes Sumargi
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  2. Ania Filus
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  3. Alina Morawska
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  4. Kate Sofronoff
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Correspondence to Agnes Sumargi.

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Conflict of Interest

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Parenting and Family Support Centre is partly funded by royalties stemming from published resources of the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program, which is developed and owned by The University of Queensland (UQ). Royalties are also distributed to the Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences at UQ and contributory authors of published Triple P resources. Triple P International (TPI) Pty Ltd is a private company licensed by Uniquest Pty Ltd on behalf of UQ, to publish and disseminate Triple P worldwide. The authors of this report have no share or ownership of TPI. Dr Morawska receives royalties from TPI. TPI had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, or writing of this report. Dr Morawska is an employee at UQ.

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The ethical approval was obtained from the University of Queensland.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.

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Sumargi, A., Filus, A., Morawska, A. et al. The Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS): an Indonesian Validation Study. J Child Fam Stud 27, 756–770 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0926-y

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