Abstract
The main goal of this work was to isolate and characterize strawberry bacteria with the potential to protect plants from the attack by fungal pathogens, as well as promote plant growth. One hundred and three bacterial isolates (57 epiphytes and 46 endophytes) were obtained from leaves and harvest-ripe fruits of strawberries (cv. San Andreas). An exhaustive characterization of these isolations was carried out both from a biochemical and molecular approach. Forty-seven isolates showed significant inhibition of the in vitro growth of Botrytis cinerea both by the action of diffusible compounds and competition for nutrients or space and by the synthesis of volatile organic compounds. The potential of the isolates as biocontrol agents were evaluated through the ability to produce cellulases, proteases, and lipases, and their capacity to form biofilms. As a result, eight epiphytes and four endophytes which could synthesize at least one of the enzymes and form biofilms were selected to continue studying. The twelve isolates showed swimming and/or swarming type motility. The selected bacteria produced auxins, gibberellins and abscisic acid, as well as phytohormones linked to defence responses such as jasmonic and salicylic acid. Notably, the isolates named HI5, HII1, HIII11, FII13, and FII18 also stood out in their ability to significantly increase the fresh weight of the roots and rosettes of inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana (seedlings or adult plants) compared to the controls. The results obtained are promising to consider the said isolates as biological controllers and growth promoters in a crop of commercial interest as the strawberry.
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Acknowledgements and funding information
This work was supported by grants of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, PIP 0256, Argentina), Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT, PICT2018-3166 & PICT2018-3412, Argentina). MH has a doctoral fellowship of CONICET; PLB has a doctoral fellowship of ANPCyT (PICT2018-3166), NMV and MM are members of the Research Career of CONICET. The authors are grateful to José L. Burgos and Beatriz L. Wyss (CONICET) for they valuable technical assistance.
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MM and NMV designed the study. MH performed the experimental studies with collaboration of PLB and LM. All results and data were analysed and interpreted by MH, NMV and MM. MM wrote the manuscript with the contribution of MH and NMV.
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Supplementary Material 2: Inhibition of B. cinerea in vitro growth by the action of diffusible compounds and competition for space. Mycelial growth was measured at 72 and 96 h for each bacterium. Inhibition percentages were obtained for (a) epiphytes and (b) endophytes. The control was considered as 0% inhibition. The statistical analysis corresponds to the t-Test carried out with the values of the mycelium area of B. cinerea (3 replicates) obtained after the confrontation with each bacterium concerning the control (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
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Supplementary Material 3: Inhibition of B. cinerea in vitro growth by synthesis of volatile compounds. Mycelial growth was measured at 24 and 48 h for each bacterium. Inhibition percentages were obtained for (a) epiphytes and (b) endophytes. The control was considered as 0% inhibition. The statistical analysis corresponds to the t-Test analysis carried out with the values of the mycelium area of B. cinerea (3 replicates) obtained after the confrontation with each bacterium compared to the control (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
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Supplementary Material 4: Promotion of plant growth in A. thaliana plants. Plants (5 or 6 per treatment) were inoculated twice (22 and 29-days old plants) with a suspension of bacteria (1 × 108 CFU mL− 1) or with 10 mM MgCl2, pH 7.0 for controls (mock-inoculated). At 15-day post-last inoculation, the rosettes and the roots were dried during 10 days at 70 °C and weighed. Dry weight of the rosettes (a) and the roots (b) were measured separately. The results obtained for each bacterium were analysed by t-Test against the control (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
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Supplementary Material 5: Promotion of plant growth in A. thaliana plants. Plants (5 or 6 per treatment) were inoculated twice (22 and 29-days old plants) with a suspension of bacteria (1 × 108 CFU mL− 1) or with 10 mM MgCl2, pH 7.0 for mock-inoculated. At 15-day post-last inoculation, roots length was measured. No differences were obtained for each bacterium analysed by t-Test against the control (mock-inoculated)
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Supplementary Material 7: Morphological phenotypes of inoculated A. thaliana plants. Five to six plants (one for each pot) were used for each bacterium and control. The image shows the phenotypes of rosettes (a) and roots (b) of the treatments that showed significant differences compared with the control in Fig. 8
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Hirsch, M., Burges, P.L., Migueliz, L. et al. Isolation of beneficial bacteria from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch). Potentialities for fungal disease control and plant growth promotion. Plant Growth Regul 102, 135–152 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-00989-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-00989-z