Abstract
Currently, climate change has several negative impacts on the worldwide environment. One of them is land sliding due to rainfall precipitation. Commonly, mountainous areas have a high possibility of having such consequences. Unsaturated soil characterization is presented in this paper to demonstrate that the shifting of ground occurs at the surfaces of any slopes. The paper presents the simulation analysis on clayey soil slopes under extreme rainfall in Kazakhstan. The different slope heights and angles are selected to perform seepage and stability analysis in GeoStudio software. The results show that the slope is prone to failure due to the lower safety factor. It means the driving force is increasing during rainfall due to the increase in pore water pressures. As a result, the shear strength of the soil decrease. According to the results of the seepage analysis, the pore-water pressure has increased to almost 80 kPa at the mid-slope for each simulation. It leads to a decrease in suction and shear strength. The change of a factor of safety for the gentlest slope with 27 degrees angle is the lowest for 10 m slope height and the highest for 30 m slope height, whereas the change of safety factor for a slope with 45 degrees angle (9%) is almost the same for all slope heights. In other words, the factor of safety tends to reduce in all simulation cases, which confirms the loss of strength of soil due to a large amount of infiltration into the ground.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.
References
Chepelianskaia O, Sarkar-Swaisgood M (2022) Kazakhstan climate change and disaster risk Profiel. Econ Social Comm Asia Pac, March. https://www.unescap.org/kp/2022/19lmaty19tan-climate-change-and-disaster-risk-profile;
Chua YS, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2022) Structured soil mixture for solving deformation issue in GeoBarrier system. Transp Geotech 33:100727
Fredlund DG, Xing A (1994) Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 31(3):521–532
Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H, Fredlund MD (2012) Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken
Gofar N, Satyanaga A, Tallar RY, Rahardjo H (2022) Role of actual evaporation on the stability of residual soil slope. Geotech Geol Eng 40:4585–4594
Herza JMA, Thorp J (2017) Factor of Safety?-Do we use it correctly?". ANCOLD Conference. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Thorp-6/publication/327920961_Factor_of_Safety-Do_we_use_it_correctly/links/5bad713492851ca9ed2b8025/Factor-of-Safety-Do-we-use-it-correctly.pdf
Ip CY, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2021) Three-dimensional slope stability analysis incorporating unsaturated soil properties in Singapore. Georisk Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 15(2):98–112
Jiang J, Zhou T, Chen X, Zhang L (2020) Future changes in precipitation over Central Asia based on CMIP6 projections. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7d03
Kaddo JR (2016) Climate change: causes, effects, and solutions. A with Honors Projects, March, No. 164. http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/164
Khomyakov VA, Iskakov EE, Serdaliev ET (2013) Investigation of gravelly soil during underground construction in Almaty. Soil Mech Found Eng 50(4):171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-013-9230-z
King SA, Khalturin VI, Tucker BE (2013) Seismic hazard and building vulnerability in post-soviet central Asian Republics. Springer Science & Business Media, https://books.google.kz/books?id=-u3HBAAAQBAJ&dq=depth+of+groundwater+table+in+20lmaty&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Malik MK, Karim I (2020) Seepage and slope stability analysis of Haditha Dam using geo-studio software seepage and slope stability analysis of Haditha dam using geo-studio software. Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074
Mercer K, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2019) Unsaturated soils guidelines, vol 1. University of Western Australia, Australian
Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Leong EC, Ng YS, Foo MD, Wang CL (2007) Slope failures in Singapore due to rainfall. In: Proceedings of 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics “Common Ground”. Brisbane, Australia, vol 2, pp 704–709
Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Leong EC, Wang J-Y (2014) Comprehensive instrumentation for real time monitoring of flux boundary conditions in slope. Proc Earth Planet Sci 9:23–43
Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Leong EC (2016) Effects of rainfall characteristics on the stability of tropical residual soil slope. In: Proceedings of E-UNSAT 2016, E3S Web of conferences pp 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160915004
Rahardjo H, Gofar N, Satyanaga A, Leong EC, Wang CL, Wong JLH (2019a) Effect of rainfall infiltration on deformation of Geobarrier wall. J Geotech Geol Eng 37:1383
Rahardjo H, Kim Y, Satyanaga A (2019b) Role of unsaturated soil mechanics in geotechnical engineering. Int J Geo-Eng. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-019-0104-8
Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Mohamed H, Ip CY, Rishi SS (2019c) Comparison of soil-water characteristic curves from conventional testing and combination of small-scale centrifuge and dew point methods. J Geotech Geol Eng 37(2):659–672
Rahardjo H, Nistor M, Gofar N, Satyanaga A, Qin X, Ip CY (2020) Spatial distribution, variation and trend of five-day antecedent rainfall in Singapore. Georisk Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 14:177
Satyanaga A, Rahardjo H (2019) Unsaturated shear strength of soil with bimodal soil-water characteristic curve. Geotechnique 69(9):828–832
Satyanaga A, Bairakhmetov N, Kim JR, Moon S-W (2022a) Role of bimodal water retention curve on the unsaturated shear strength. Appl Sci 12:1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031266
Satyanaga A, Moon S-W, Kim JR (2022b) Stability analyses of dual porosity soil slope. Geomech Eng 28(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.28.1.077
Satyanaga A, Rahardjo H (2020) Role of unsaturated soil properties in the development of slope susceptibility map. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Geotechnical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.20.00085
Silva F, Lambe TW, Marr WA (2008) Probability and risk of slope failure. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 134(12):1691–1699. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134%3A12(1691)
Thurman M (2011) Natural disaster risks in Central Asia: a synthesis. Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery – UNDP. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/natural-disaster-risks-central-asia-synthesis
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2017) Uncertainty in the estimation of hysteresis of soil-water characteristic curve. Environ Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.17.00008
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2019) Estimation of the air permeability function from the soil-water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 56(4):505–513
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Dai G (2020) Estimation of tensile strength of sandy soil from soil-water characteristic curve. Acta Geotech 15:3371–3381
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Zhu Y, Dai G, Zhao X (2021) Estimation of wetting hydraulic conductivity function for unsaturated sandy soil. Eng Geol 285:106034
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Nazarbayev University, Collaborative Research projects (CRP) Grants No. 20122022FD4133 and 11022021CRP1508. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of Nazarbayev University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sharipov, A., Satyanaga, A., Abishev, R. et al. Influence of Slope Geometry on Stability of Clayey Soil Slopes. Geotech Geol Eng 41, 2939–2950 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02438-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02438-0