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Seasonal assessment of the distribution, source apportionment, and risk of water-contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

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Abstract

The research aims to evaluate the seasonal differences in the distribution, source, and risks of water-contaminated PAHs. The PAHs were extracted by the liquid–liquid method and analyzed with GC–MS, and a total of eight PAHs were detected. There was a percentage increase in the average concentration of the PAHs from the wet to the dry season in the range of 20 (Anthracene)–350 (Pyrene)%. Total PAHs (∑PAHs) range from 0.31 to 1.23 mg/l in the wet period and from 0.42 to 1.96 mg/l in the dry period. The distribution of the average PAHs in mg/l showed that Fluoranthene ≤ Pyrene < Acenaphthene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in wet period and while Fluoranthene < Acenaphthene < Pyrene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in the dry period. The children were exposed to non-carcinogenic risk through non-dietary ingestion due to the accumulative effect (HI) of the PAHs in the dry period. Furthermore, the naphthalene was responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the wet period, while the fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene were responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the dry period. However, while adults and children are both susceptible to carcinogenic risk through the oral channel during the dry period, only children are susceptible to non-carcinogenic risk through this pathway. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed the influence of physicochemical parameters on the detected PAHs and also showed the PAHs' sources to be mainly combustion, pyrolysis, and vehicular emission.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the laboratory staff at the Federal University of Dutsin-Ma in Dutsin-Ma and Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria for their invaluable assistance during the laboratory work. I also thank Ama-Iruobe Okanima Noble for her assistance in the field work and Uakheme Precious Areguamen for his assistance during the write-up of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Chemistry Department, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina, Nigeria

    Omole Isaac Areguamen & Oluwole Joshua Okunola

  2. Chemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria

    Nsidibeabasi Nwokem Calvin, Casmir Emmanuel Gimba & Abuchi Elebo

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  1. Omole Isaac Areguamen
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  2. Nsidibeabasi Nwokem Calvin
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  3. Casmir Emmanuel Gimba
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  4. Oluwole Joshua Okunola
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  5. Abuchi Elebo
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study. OIA, NNC, CEG, and OJO were involved in the design of the manuscript, the choice of methodology, and the quality control of the analysis. OIA designed the map of the sampling area using GIS and participated in the field and laboratory work. OIA, NNC, CEG, AE, and OJO participated in the statistical, ecological, and human health risk analyses. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Omole Isaac Areguamen.

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Areguamen, O.I., Calvin, N.N., Gimba, C.E. et al. Seasonal assessment of the distribution, source apportionment, and risk of water-contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Environ Geochem Health 45, 5415–5439 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01542-7

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