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Reading better with AR or print picture books? A quasi-experiment on primary school students’ reading comprehension, story retelling and reading motivation

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Abstract

Augmented reality (AR) technology can enhance picture book reading experience. The present study aimed to explore the influence of reading AR picture books on primary school students’ reading comprehension, story retelling, and reading motivation. Eighty second graders, who were from two classes at a rural primary school in a coastal city in East China, were recruited through convenience sampling to participate in this quasi-experimental study. The two classes were randomly assigned to be either the experimental group (AR picture book reading) or control group (print picture book reading), and both groups read three traditional Chinese picture books during reading classes throughout three weeks. T-test analyses revealed that, before the study began, the two groups did not have significant differences in reading comprehension, story retelling, or reading motivation. However, after the three weeks of instructional intervention, the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in all three aspects. Furthermore, MANCOVA analysis showed that reading AR picture books was more effective in boosting participants’ performance on implicit questions during the reading comprehension tests. They also performed significantly higher on story retelling tests, especially when it came to story structures regarding settings and plots. In addition, AR picture book reading was more conducive to improving participants’ level of attention and confidence in reading. This work adds to the ongoing endeavors in incorporating AR picture books into classroom settings, and will inform future development of original Chinese picture books with AR technology.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant Number: 20CZX011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China

    Shiyu Liu, Yucheng Sui, Zhongnan You, Jiaxin Shi, Ziyang Wang & Cheng Zhong

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  1. Shiyu Liu
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  2. Yucheng Sui
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  3. Zhongnan You
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  4. Jiaxin Shi
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  6. Cheng Zhong
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Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, and original draft preparation: Shiyu Liu; Data collection and analysis: Yucheng Sui; Draft editing: Zhongnan You, Jiaxin Shi, Ziyang Wang, and Cheng Zhong. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shiyu Liu.

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Appendices

Appendix 1 Sample items in reading comprehension test on Xiao Xiao Nian

1.1 Sample explicit questions

  1. 1.

    Who was the main character in the story?

  • A. little fox B. hedgehog C. Xiao Xiao Nian D. mankind

  1. 2.

    Where did the story take place?

  • A. Ciba Town B. riverside C. by the pond D. prairie

1.2 Sample implicit questions

  1. 3.

    Why was Xiao Xiao Nian happy?

  • A. Xiao Xiao Nian was happy because he went back home.

  • B. Xiao Xiao Nian was happy because he had a full stomach of delicious food.

  • C. Xiao Xiao Nian was happy because people in Ciba Town welcomed him.

  • D. Xiao Xiao Nian was happy because he got along with his friends.

  1. 4.

    What was the theme of this story?

  • A. The importance of courage

  • B. The harmony between Nian and mankind

  • C. The importance of friendship

  • D. The importance of protecting the nature

Appendix 2 Story retelling test on Xiao Xiao Nian

2.1 Sample items on the guide sheet

  1. 1.

    You just read this story about Xiao Xiao Nian in class. Could you retell the story as if you were telling it to a friend who has never heard it before?

  2. 2.

    If a participant has difficulty beginning the story, suggest beginning with “When did this story happen?”

  3. 3.

    If a participant has difficulty continuing retelling, encourage continuation by asking “Then what happened?”

2.2 Coding rubric

Story Structure

Elements

Codes

Setting

Character

(1) Xiao Xiao Nian, (2) Lao Lao Nian, (3) little goat, (4) little fox, (5) hedgehog, (6) little pig, (7) wild duck, (8) twin geckos, (9) mankind

Location

(10) Ciba Town

Time

(11) once upon a time

Theme

Initiating Event

(12) Xiao Xiao Nian wanted to go to Ciba Town.

(13) Lao Lao Nian warned Xiao Xiao Nian that mankind may hit him and spit on him.

Goal

(14) Xiao Xiao Nian needed to arrive in Ciba Town.

Plot

Subgoal

(15) Xiao Xiao Nian wanted to get a heater in Ciba Town.

(16) Xiao Xiao Nian wanted to eat dumplings in Ciba Town.

Attempt

(17) Xiao Xiao Nian ran into a little goat.

(18) Xiao Xiao Nian ran into a little fox.

(19) Xiao Xiao Nian ran into a hedgehog.

(20) Xiao Xiao Nian ran into a little pig.

(21) Xiao Xiao Nian ran into a wild duck and twin geckos.

Result

(22) Xiao Xiao Nian and the animals went to Ciba Town together.

(23) People in Ciba Town welcomed Xiao Xiao Nian and the animals.

(24) Xiao Xiao Nian and the animals ate dumplings.

(25) Xiao Xiao Nian had a full stomach of delicious food.

(26) Xiao Xiao Nian found that mankind was no longer against Nian.

(27) People gave Xiao Xiao Nian gifts.

(28) Xiao Xiao Nian got the heater that he wanted.

Ending

Resolution

(29) The lights were turned on for everyone to go home.

(30) Xiao Xiao Nian and the animals went home together.

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Liu, S., Sui, Y., You, Z. et al. Reading better with AR or print picture books? A quasi-experiment on primary school students’ reading comprehension, story retelling and reading motivation. Educ Inf Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12231-4

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