Abstract
A study was performed of the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles during combustion of aluminum and titanium drops which moved in air at a velocity of up to 3 m/sec. The source of the burning particles was a pyrotechnic mixture which contained an oxidizer, a binder, and metal particles of size 4–350 µm. Transmission electron microscopic studies showed that the combustion products were 1–10 µm aggregates of fractal structure consisting of primary particles (spherules) of Al2O3/TiO2 5–150 nm in diameter. The Brownian diffusion of the aggregates and their motion in electric and gravitational fields were observed using videomicroscopic recording. The charge distribution of TiO2 aggregates and the equivalent radius of Brownian mobility were determined. In Al combustion, the zone of nanoparticle formation is separated from the particle surface by a distance approximately equal to the particle radius, and in Ti combustion, this zone is located directly near the surface. Coagulation of the oxide aerosol in the track of a burning particle leads to aerogelation with the formation of huge aggregates. Analytical expressions for approximate calculation of the parameters of the oxide particles and zones of their formation are proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E. L. Dreizin, “Experimental study of aluminum particle flame evolution in normal and micro-gravity,” Combust. Flame, 116, 323–333 (1999).
E. W. Price and R. K. Sigman, “Combustion of aluminized solid propellants,” in: V. Yang, T. B. Brill, and Wu-Zhen Ren (eds.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, V. 185: Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics, Chapter 2.18, AIAA, Reston (2000), pp. 663–687.
A. N. Zolotko, Ya. I. Vovchuk, N. I. Poletaev, et al., “Synthesis of nanooxides in two-phase laminar flames,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 32, No. 3, 262–269 (1996).
T. Brzustowski and I. Glassman, “Vapor-phase diffusion flames in the combustion of magnesium and aluminum,” in: H. Wolfhard, I. Glassman, and L. Green, Jr. (eds.), Heterogeneous Combustion, Academic Press, New York (1964)
E. L. Dreizin, “Phase transitions in metal combustion,” Progr. Energ. Combust. Sci., 26, 57–78 (2000).
P. Bucher, R. A. Yetter, F. L. Dryer, et al., “Flame structure measurement of single, isolated aluminum particles burning in air,” in: 26th Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1996), pp. 1899–1908.
I. E. Molodetsky, E. P. Vicenzi, E. L. Dreizin, and C. K. Law, “Phases of titanium combustion in air,” Combust. Flame, 112, 522–532 (1998).
V. V. Karasev, A. A. Onischuk, O. G. Glotov, et al., “Formation of charged aggregates of Al2O3 nanoparticles by combustion of aluminum droplets in air,” Combust. Flame, 138, 40–54 (2004).
S. K. Friedlander, Smoke Powder and Haze, Oxford Univ. Press, New York-Oxford (2000).
V. V. Karasev, N. A. Ivanova, A. R. Sadykova, et al., “Formation of charged soot aggregates by combustion and pyrolysis: Charge distribution and photophoresis,” J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 363–381 (2004).
M. M. R. Williams and S. K. Loyalka, Aerosol Science Theory and Practice, Pergamon Press (1991).
S. A. Khromova, V. V. Karasev, A. A. Onischuk, et al., “Formation of nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 at combustion of metal droplets,” in: G. Roy, S. Frolov, A. Starik (eds.), Nonequilibrium Processes, Vol. 2: Plasma, Aerosols, and Atmospheric Phenomena, Torus Press, Moscow (2005), pp. 225–234.
Yu. V. Levinskii, P-T-X-Equilibrium Diagram of Binary Metal Systems: Handbook [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1990).
P. Bucher, L. Ernst, F. L. Dryer, et al., “Detailed studies on the flame structure of aluminum particle combustion,” in: V. Yang, T. B. Brill, Wu-Zhen Ren (eds.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 185: Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics, Chapter 2.19, AIAA, Reston (2000), pp. 689–722.
I. S. Grigor’ev and E. Z. Meilikhov (eds.), Physical Quantities: Handbook [in Russian], Énergoatomizdat, Moscow (1991).
R. C. Reid, J. M. Prausnitz, and T. K. Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York (1987).
O. G. Glotov, V. E. Zarko, and V. V. Karasev, “Problems and prospects of investigating the formation and evolution of agglomerates by the sampling method,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 36, No. 1, 146–156 (2000).
L. G. Loitsyanskii, Mechanics of Liquids and Gases, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York (1966).
N. A. Fuchs, The Mechanics of Aerosols, Pergamon, Oxford (1964).
P. G. Debenedetti and H. Reiss, “Reversible work of formation of an embryo of a new phase within a uniform macroscopic mother phase,” J. Phys. Chem., 108, No. 13, 5498–5505 (1998).
A. A. Onischuk, P. A. Purtov, A. M. Baklanov, et al., “Evaluation of surface tension and Tolman length as a function of droplet radius from experimental nucleation rate and supersaturation ratio: Metal vapor homogeneous nucleation,” J. Phys. Chem., 124, 014506 (2006).
E. K. Kazenas and Yu. V. Tsvetkov, Vaporization of Oxides [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1997).
C. M. Sorensen, W. B. Hageman, T. J. Rush, et al., “Aerogelation in a flame soot aerosol,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 1783–1785 (1998).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
__________
Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 33–47, November–December, 2006.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karasev, V.V., Onishchuk, A.A., Khromova, S.A. et al. Formation of metal oxide nanoparticles in combustion of titanium and aluminum droplets. Combust Explos Shock Waves 42, 649–662 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-006-0098-3
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-006-0098-3