Abstract
Bamboo fiber cell wall structure, including cellulose microfibril morphology, endows fibers with excellent and stable mechanical strength and toughness. Due to the imaging resolution limitations, the ultra-structure of bamboo fiber cell walls remains elusive. Here we characterized the fiber cell wall’s inherent structure and the cellulose microfibril’s cross-sectional shape from native and delignified inclined samples, and the tangential sections of moso bamboo using atomic force microscopy. The secondary cell wall sublayer was composed of multiple microfibril layers, 20 nm in thickness each. The 18 nm in diameter spherical particles between microfibrils were lignin. The bamboo fiber cell wall’s microfibrils were composed of various numbers of individual cellulose elementary fibrils (CEFs), including one, two, three, four, and multiple CEFs (up to 7 CEFs). The microfibrils’ dimensions varied from 3.5 to 40 nm. Additionally, branched microfibrils are described for the first time in the bamboo plant. The study provides insight into the nanometer-scale structure of the fiber cell wall in the bamboo plant.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adobes-Vidal M, Frey M, Keplinger T (2020) Atomic force microscopy imaging of delignified secondary cell walls in liquid conditions facilitates interpretation of wood ultrastructure. J Struct Biol 211:107532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107532
Blackwell J, Kolpak F (1975) The cellulose microfibril as an imperfect array of elementary fibrils. Macromolecules 8(3):322–326. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60045a015
Casdorf K, Keplinger T, Rüggeberg M, Burgert I (2018) A close-up view of the wood cell wall ultrastructure and its mechanics at diferent cutting angles by atomic force microscopy. Planta 247(5):1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2850-9
Chen H (2014) Study on the structural characteristics of bamboo cell wall. Chin Acad Forestry Sci Beijing. https://doi.org/10.7666/d.Y2629888
Chen H, Tian G, Fei B (2014) Arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell wall of moso bamboo fiber studied with AFM. Sci Silv Sin 50(4):90–94. https://doi.org/10.11707/j.1001-7488.20140413
Cosgrove (2014) Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. Curr Opin Plant Biol 22:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.001
Crow E, Murphy R (2000) Microfibril orientation in differentiating and maturing fibre and parenchyma cell walls in culms of bamboo (Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens & Riv). Botan J Linnean Socie 134:339–359. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.2000.0376
Dale B, Holbrook K, Steinert P (1978) Assembly of stratum corneum basic protein and keratin filaments in macrofibrils. Nature 276(5689):729–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/276729a0
Ding S, Zhao S, Zeng Y (2014) Size, shape, and arrangement of native cellulose fibrils in maize cell walls. Cellulose 21:863–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0147-5
Fahlén J, Salmén L (2003) Cross-sectional structure of the secondary wall of wood fibers as affected by processing. J Mater Sci 38(1):119–126. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021174118468
Hanley S, Gray D (1994) Atomic force microscope images of black spruce wood sections and pulp fibres. Holzforschung 48(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.1.29
Hanus J, Mazeau K (2006) The xyloglucan-cellulose assembly at the atomic scale. Biopolymers 82(1):59–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.20460
Hu K, Huang Y, Fei B, Yao C, Zhao C (2017) Investigation of the multilayered structure and microfibril angle of different types of bamboo cell walls at the micro/nano level using a LC-PolScope imaging. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1447-y
Huang Y, Fei B, Wei P, Zhao C (2016) Mechanical properties of bamboo fiber cell walls during the culm development by nanoindentation. Ind Crop Prod 92:102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.037
Jiang Z (2020) Research advances in bamboo anatomy. World Forestry Res 33(3):1–6. https://doi.org/10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2020.0036.y
Keplinger T, Konnerth J, Aguié-Béghin V, Rüggeberg M, Gierlinger N, Burgert I (2014) A zoom into the nanoscale texture of secondary cell walls. Plant Meth 10(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-10-1
Li Z (1983) The plant anatomy. Senior Education Press, Beijing
Lian C, Chen H, Zhang S, Liu R, Wu Z, Fei B (2022) Characterization of ground parenchyma cells in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis–Poaceae). IAWA J 43(1–2):92–102. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10076
Lian C, Liu R, Cheng X, Zhang S, Luo J, Yang S, Liu X, Fei B (2019) Characterization of the pits in parenchyma cells of the moso bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz.] Culm. Holzforschung 73:629–636. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0236
Lian C, Liu R, Zhang S, Yuan J, Luo J, Yang F, Fei B (2020) Ultrastructure of parenchyma cell wall in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) culms. Cellulose 27(13):7321–7329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03265-9
Liese W (1998) The anatomy of Bamboo Culms. Technical Report. Beijing/ Eindhoven/ New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502468
Liu B (2008) Formation of cell wall in developmental culms of Phyllostachys Pubescens. Chin Acad For Sci Beijing. https://doi.org/10.7666/d.D602728
Liu R (2017) Characteristics of pits in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz) cell wall. Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing
Parameswaran N, Liese W (1976) On the fine structure of bamboo fibres. Wood Sci Technol 10(4):231–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350830
Parameswaran N, Liese W (1980) Ultrastructural aspects of bamboo cells. Cell Chem Technol 14:587–609
Preston R, Singh K (1950) The fine structure of bamboo fibres.I. Optical propeties and X-ray data. J Exp Botany 1(2):214. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/1.2.214
Ren W, Zhu J, Guo G, Guo J, Wang H, Yu Y (2022) Estimating cellulose microfibril orientation in the cell wall sublayers of bamboo through dimensional analysis of microfibril aggregates. Ind Crop Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114677
Song B, Zhao S, Shen W, Collings C, Ding S (2020) Direct measurement of plant cellulose microfibril and bundles in native cell walls. Front Plant Sci 11:479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00479
Suzuki K, Itoh T (2001) The changes in cell wall architecture during lignification of bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea Carr. Trees 15:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680000
Wai N, Nanko H, Murakami K (1985) A morphological study on the behavior of bamboo pulp fibers in the beating process. Wood Sci Technol 19(3):211–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392050
Wang X, Keplinger T, Gierlinger N, Ingo B (2014) Plant material features responsible for bamboo’s excellent mechanical performance: acomparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue, fibre and cell wall levels. Ann Bot 114:1627–1635. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu180
Wu Y (2021) Newly advances in wood science and technology. J Cent South Univ For Technol 41(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.14067/j.cnki.1673-923x.2021.01.001
Xu P, Liu H, Donaldson L, Zhang Y (2011) Mechanical performance and cellulose microfibrils in wood with high S2 microfibril angles. J Mater Sci 46(2):534–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5000-8
Yu Y, Wang G, Qin D, Zhang B (2007) Variation in microfibril angle of moso bamboo by X-ray diffraction. J Northeast For Univ 35(8):28–29. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2007.08.009
Zou L, Jin H, Lu W, Li X (2009) Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of the cell wall of bamboo fibers. Mater Sci Eng C 29:1375–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.11.007
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Promotion Project of Forestry Scientific and Technological Achievements (Grant No. 56201) and the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 32101601).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest, and the manuscript is approved by all authors. We confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published in another journal.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lian, C., An, X., Lv, H. et al. Use of atomic force microscopy to view ultrastructure of the fiber cell wall in Phyllostachys edulis culms. Cellulose 30, 1999–2006 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04994-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04994-9