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Green synthesis of Ag/lignin nanoparticle-loaded cellulose aerogel for catalytic degradation and antimicrobial applications

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Abstract

Reacting with reductive phenolic hydroxyls (–OH) and methoxy groups (–OCH3) on lignin, silver ions (Ag+) were reduced to metallic silver nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes smaller than 40 nm. The resulting Ag/lignin NPs were then physically crosslinked in the cellulose hydrogel, followed by freeze-drying to obtain the final Ag/lignin NP-loaded cellulose aerogel. Loaded with Ag/lignin NPs, the aerogel exhibited strengthened mechanical property (387 ± 11 kPa) against the external deformation at a compressive strain of 65% due to the nano-reinforcement by the loaded Ag/lignin NPs when compared with pure cellulose aerogel (246 ± 32 kPa). The Ag/lignin NP-loaded aerogel also showed robust killing efficiency against different pathogenic bacteria in aqueous solution (Escherichia coli: > 99.99%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa: > 99.9%, Vibrio cholera: > 99.99%, Staphylococcus aureus: > 99.99%, Bacillus subtilis: > 97.4%). Moreover, the loaded Ag/lignin NPs provided the aerogel with excellent catalytic degradation ability toward various organic compounds, including dyes, pollutants, and antibiotics, evidenced by the degradation of methylene blue (99.8% in 30 min) and methyl orange (99.9% in 180 min) in the presence of NaBH4 and natural sunlight radiation, and degradation of rhodamine B (99.9% in 35 min), 4-nitrophenol (99.5% in 180 min) and doxycycline hyclate (99.8% in 30 min) in the presence of NaBH4 without natural sunlight. In addition, the Ag/lignin NP-loaded aerogel could be reused after facile regeneration washing with water while retaining excellent performance on efficiently degrading (~ 100%) the organic dyes for at least three cycles. The roles of loaded Ag/lignin NPs as photoelectron generators and relay centers for transferring electrons from the reductant to the targeted organic compounds during the degradation process were comprehensively investigated and explained.

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Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) discovery grant and alliance grant (Q. Lu), Canada Foundation of Innovation (CFI) (Q. Lu), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (T. Dong, Q. Lu) and the University of Calgary’s Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF) program, the Global Research Initiative (GRI) in Sustainable Low Carbon Unconventional Resources and GRI-University of Alberta’s Future Energy Systems Joint Research Fund. The authors would also like to thank Drs. Jeroen de Buck, Gisele Peirano and Johann Pitout for helping provide bacterial strains P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively.

Funding

The authors acknowledge the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) discovery grant and alliance grant (Q. Lu), Canada Foundation of Innovation (CFI) (Q. Lu), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (T. Dong, Q. Lu) and the University of Calgary’s Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF) program, the Global Research Initiative (GRI) in Sustainable Low Carbon Unconventional Resources and GRI-University of Alberta’s Future Energy Systems Joint Research Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Xiao He, Ian Gates & Qingye Lu

  2. Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada

    Haeun Kim

  3. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Tao G. Dong

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  1. Xiao He
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  5. Qingye Lu
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Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, visualization were performed by XH. Experiments regarding the antibacterial activity were performed by HK. Conceptualization, supervision and funding acquisition were performed by QL. The first draft of the manuscript was written by XH and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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He, X., Kim, H., Dong, T.G. et al. Green synthesis of Ag/lignin nanoparticle-loaded cellulose aerogel for catalytic degradation and antimicrobial applications. Cellulose 29, 9341–9360 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04848-4

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