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Microcracks on the Rat Root Surface Induced by Orthodontic Force, Crack Extension Simulation, and Proteomics Study

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Abstract

Root resorption is a common complication during orthodontic treatment. Microcracks occur on the root surface after an orthodontic force is applied and may be related to the root resorption caused by the orthodontic process. However, the mechanisms underlying root resorption induced by microcracks remain unclear. In this study, a rat orthodontic model was used to investigate the biological mechanisms of root resorption caused by microcracks. First, the first molar was loaded with 0.5-N orthodontic force for 7 days, and microcracks were observed on the root apex surface using a scanning electron microscope. Second, to describe the mechanical principle resulting in microcracks, a finite element model of rat orthodontics was established, which showed that a maximum stress on the root apex can cause microcrack extension. Third, after 7 days of loading in vivo, histological observation revealed that root resorption occurred in the stress concentration area and cementoclasts appeared in the resorption cavity. Finally, proteomics analysis of the root apex area, excluding the periodontal ligament, revealed that the NOX2, Aifm1, and MAPK signaling pathways were involved in the root resorption process. Microcrack extension on the root surface increases calcium ion concentrations, alters the proteins related to root resorption, and promotes cementoclast formation.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U20A20390 and 11827803). We thank Dr. Peng Xu and Dr. Tianyun Jiang for their assistance in guiding the use of related finite element softwares. We thank the Beijing Fangtailun Medical Technology Co., Ltd. for providing the laser transmitter.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China

    Shengzhao Xiao, Linhao Li, Jie Yao, Lizhen Wang, Kaimin Li, Chao Wang & Yubo Fan

  2. School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China

    Yubo Fan

  3. College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China

    Chongshi Yang & Chao Wang

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  1. Shengzhao Xiao
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  2. Linhao Li
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Correspondence to Linhao Li or Yubo Fan.

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Xiao, S., Li, L., Yao, J. et al. Microcracks on the Rat Root Surface Induced by Orthodontic Force, Crack Extension Simulation, and Proteomics Study. Ann Biomed Eng 49, 2228–2242 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02733-y

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