Abstract
Large ungulate populations are known to cause economic damage to agriculture and forestry. Bark damage is particularly detrimental to the timber production of certain species, including Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce): after bark is wounded, rot often spreads in the trunk base, damaging the most valuable trunk section. Numerous studies have provided valuable information on various aspects of this process, but the financial consequences over a full timber production cycle remained poorly quantified and uncertain. To fill this gap, we coupled a forest dynamics model (GYMNOS) with models of damage occurrence and decay spread. We simulated the effect of ranging levels of bark-stripping damage on financial losses. The simulations were repeated for sites of ranging fertility and with different protection measures (fences or individual protections), in Southern Belgium. The net present values of these different simulations were estimated and compared to estimate the cost of the damage and the cost-effectiveness of the damage protections. Protecting plantations against bark-stripping damage with fences was found unlikely to be worthwhile. By contrast, individual protections placed on crop trees could be helpful, particularly in the most fertile stands. Loss of revenue depended greatly on the factors tested: we estimated that the average damage cost could be about 53€/ha/year, reducing timber yield by 19%. A model was built to predict the damage cost for different values of the discount rate, site index and bark-stripping rate. This model could help develop more effective management of Norway spruce plantations and deer populations.
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Data availability
An archive ZIP file containing the data generated by the simulations, an R scripts, and a read-me text file are available in the supplementary materials.
Code availability
The model is open-source and can be downloaded (https://hdl.handle.net/2268/260468).
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Funding
The study was funded by the public service of Wallonia (SPW) under the funding: “Accord-cadre de recherches et vulgarisation forestières” (ACRVF 2009-2014 and 2014–2019).
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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Gauthier Ligot, Thibaut Gheysen and Jérôme Perin. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Gauthier Ligot notably using reports drafted by Thibaut Gheysen. All the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ligot, G., Gheysen, T., Perin, J. et al. From the simulation of forest plantation dynamics to the quantification of bark-stripping damage by ungulates. Eur J Forest Res 142, 899–916 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01565-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01565-w