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Concentration, sources, influencing factors and hazards of heavy metals in indoor and outdoor dust: A review

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Abstract

Heavy metals are a common class of toxic contaminants in soil, water and air, yet their occurrence in indoor environments is less known. Heavy metals enter people's bodies through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, causing various diseases and even cancer. Here we review the concentrations, sources, influencing factors and hazards of heavy metals in indoor and outdoor dust. The average concentration of indoor metals in 23 samples from 19 regions is 509.5 ± 886.2 mg kg−1 for zinc, 149.0 ± 136.2 mg kg−1 for copper, 123.0 ± 438.1 mg kg−1 for lead, 78.3 ± 51.1 mg kg−1 for chromium, 37.8 ± 34.4 mg kg−1 for nickel and 2.3 ± 6.0 mg kg−1 for cadmium. The sources of heavy metals are complex, with industry and transportation as the main likely contributors. Reports on health risk assessment suggest that the impact of chromium and lead on children's health should not be underestimated.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer

ABS:

Skin absorption factor

ADD:

Average daily dose

AF:

Skin adherence factor

AT:

Average exposure time

BW:

Average body weight

ED:

Exposure duration

EDXRF:

Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence

EF:

Enrichment factor

EF':

Exposure frequency

FAAS:

Flame atomic absorption spectrometer

HI:

Hazard index

HQ:

Hazard quotient

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer

I geo :

Geoaccumulation index

IngR:

Frequency of dust ingested by hand or mouth

InhR:

Inhalation rate

PEF:

Particulate emission factor

PLI:

Pollution load index

PM:

Particulate matter

pXRF:

Portable olympus premium delta innov-x x-ray fluorescence

RfD:

Reference dose

SA:

Exposed skin surface area

SF:

Cancer slope factors

US EPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WD-XRF:

Wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence

σ :

Standard deviation

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52176095), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 2008085J25), Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province (KJ2020ZD29), and Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University (Grant No. ZJU-CEU2020001).

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Funding is provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 52176095)

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  1. School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Huaqiang Chu, Ya Liu, Nian Xu & Junchao Xu

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  1. Huaqiang Chu
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Chu, H., Liu, Y., Xu, N. et al. Concentration, sources, influencing factors and hazards of heavy metals in indoor and outdoor dust: A review. Environ Chem Lett 21, 1203–1230 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01546-2

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