Abstract
Hairy roots obtained by infecting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) leaves with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC15834) have the characteristics of phytohormone autonomy, genetic stability and can produce a large amount of the anti-cancer substance Sulforaphane (SF) and the biosynthetic precursor Glucoraphanin (GRA). Under the induction of the exogenous signaling molecule methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the production of SF in broccoli hairy roots was significantly increased. However, the molecular mechanism of GRA and SF synthesis in hairy roots of broccoli treated with MeJA has not been reported. In this study, according to the yield of GRA and SF, the best concentration of MeJA treatment for hairy roots of broccoli was selected. After 18 days of growth, broccoli hairy roots were treated with 10 mmol L–1 MeJA for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. Compared with 0 h, the yield of GRA and SF increased under other treatments. The highest yield of GRA and SF occurred at 9 h, which were 2.22-fold and 1.74-fold higher than those at 0 h. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis was used as reference genome, and 5,757 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were observed at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h under 10 mmol L–1 MeJA treatment, of which 4,673 were down-regulated and 1084 were up-regulated. The key genes regulating GRA synthesis, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, UGT74B1, FMOGS-OX5 and GSL-OH, were up-regulated at 0 and 3 h, and down-regulated the rest of the time; BCAT2 was up-regulated at 6, 9, 12 h, and at 0, 3 h expression was down-regulated, transcription factors MYB28 and MYB29 were down-regulated by exogenous MeJA treatment. A pathway of GRA biosynthesis and transformation pathways in MeJA-treated broccoli hairy roots was simulated and the molecular mechanism of GRA biosynthesis and SF accumulation in broccoli hairy roots under MeJA treatment was revealed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- GLS:
-
Glucosinolates
- GRA:
-
Glucoraphanin
- SF:
-
Sulforaphane
- MeJA:
-
Methyl jasmonate
- DEGs:
-
Differentially expressed genes
- GO:
-
Gene ontology
- KEGG:
-
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- NCBI:
-
National Center for Biotechnology Information
- qRT-PCR:
-
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- FPKM:
-
Fragments per kilobase million
- UR:
-
Up-regulated
- DR:
-
Down-regulated
References
Aghajanzadeh TA, Reich M, Kopriva S, Dekok LJ (2018) Impact of chloride (NaCl, KCl) and sulphate (Na2SO4, K2SO4) salinity on glucosinolate metabolism in Brassica rapa. J Agron Crop Sci 204:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12243
Baenas N, García-Viguera C, Moreno DA (2014) Biotic elicitors effectively increase the glucosinolates content in Brassicaceae sprouts. J Agric Food Chem 62:1881–1889. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404876z
Banerjee A, Rai AN, Penna S, Variyar PS (2016) Aliphatic glucosinolate synthesis and gene expression changes in gamma-irradiated cabbage. Food Chem 209:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.022
Cacho M, Paleaz R, Corchete P (2012) Lipid composition of Silybum marianumcell cultures treated with methyl jasmonate. Biol Plantarum 56:221–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-012-0080-8
Chen R, Li Q, Tan H, Chen J, Xiao Y, Ma R, Gao S, Zerbe P, Chen W, Zhang L (2015) Gene-to-metabolite network for biosynthesis of lignans in MeJA-elicited Isatis indigotica hairy root cultures. Front Plant Sci 6:952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00952
Chen W, Wang Y, Xu L, Dong JH, Zhu XW, Ying JL, Wang QJ, Fan LX, Li C, Liu LW (2019) Methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and abscisic acid enhance the accumulation of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) taproot. Sci Hortic 250:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.02.024
Choi WJ, Kim SK, Park HK, Sohn UD, Kim W (2014) Anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties of sulforaphane from Shepherd’s purse. Korean J Physiol Pharma 18:33–39. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.33
Deng C, Wang Y, Huang F, Lu S, Zhao L, Ma X, Kai G (2020) SmMYB2 promotes salvianolic acid biosynthesis in the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Integr Plant Biol 62:1688–1702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12943
Guo R, Shen W, Qian H, Zhang M, Liu L, Wang Q (2013) Jasmonic acid and glucose synergistically modulate the accumulation of glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 64:5707–5719. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert348
Guo LP, Gu ZX, Jin XL, Yang RQ (2017) iTRAQ - based proteomic and physiological analyses of broccoli sprouts in response to the stresses of heat, hypoxia and heat plus hypoxia. Plant Soil 414:355–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3132-6
Jeon J, Bong SJ, Park JS, Park YK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU (2017) De novo transcriptome analysis and glucosinolate profiling in watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). BMC Genomics 18:401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3792-5
Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang W, Zang YP, Niu LL, Fu YJ, Wang X (2018) Remarkable enhancement of flavonoid production in a co-cultivation system of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures and immobilized Aspergillus niger. Ind Crops Prod 112:252–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.017
Kang K, Yu M (2017) Protective effect of sulforaphane against retinal degeneration in the Pde6rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Curr Eye Res 42:1684–1688. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2017.1358371
Kim JI, Dolan WL, Anderson NA, Chapple C (2015) Indole glucosinolate biosynthesis limits phenylpropanoid accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 27:1529–1546. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00127
Kim MJ, Chiu YC, Kim NK, Park HM, Lee CH, Juvik JA, Ku KM (2017) Cultivar-specific changes in primary and secondary metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by methyl jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 18:1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051004
Klaus PL, Klaus EA, Alfonso L (2011) Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli—an overview. Food Chem Toxicol 49:3300–3309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019
Kong W, Li J, Yu Q, Cang W, Xu R, Wang Y, Ji W (2016) Two novel flavin-containing monooxygenases involved in biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates. Front Plant Sci 7:1292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01292
Ku KM, Becker TM, Juvik JA (2016) Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of glucosinolates in two broccoli cultivars following jasmonate treatment for the induction of glucosinolate defense to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Int J Mol Sci 17:1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071135
Lee MJ, Gravelat FN, Cerone RP, Baptista SD, Campoli PV, Choe SI, Kravtsov I, Vinogradov E, Creuzenet C, Liu H, Berghuis AM, Latgé JP, Filler SG, Fontaine T, Sheppard DC (2014) Overlapping and distinct roles of Aspergillus fumigatus UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in galactose metabolism and the synthesis of galactose-containing cell wall polysaccharides. J Biol Chem 289:1243–1256. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.522516
Lee JH, Lee J, Kim H, Chae WB, Kim SJ, Lim YP, Oh MH (2018) Brassinosteroids regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Plant 163:450–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12691
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25:402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Luo Y, Li F, Wang GP, Yang XH, Wang W (2010) Exogenously-supplied trehalose protects thylakoid membranes of winter wheat from heat-induced damage. Biol Plantarum 55:495–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0087-y
Miao HY, Cai CX, Wei J, Huang JR, Chang JQ, Qian HM, Zhang X, Zhao YT, Sun B, Wang BL, Wang QM (2016) Glucose enhances indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis without reducing primary sulfur assimilation. Sci Rep 6:31854. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31854
Pauwels L, Morreel K, De Witte E, Lammertyn F, Van Montagu M, Boerjan W, Inzé D, Goossens A (2008) Mapping methyl jasmonate-mediated transcriptional reprogramming of metabolism and cell cycle progression in cultured Arabidopsis cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1380–1385. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711203105
Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Borja-Martínez M, Pedreño MÁ, Almagro L (2017) Biosynthesis and bioactivity of glucosinolates and their production in plant in vitro cultures. Planta 246:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2705-9
Shilpha J, Satish L, Kavikkuil M, Largir M, Ramesh M (2015) Methyl jasmonate elicits the solasodine production and anti-oxidant activity in hairy root cultures of Solanum trilobatum L. Ind Crop Prod 71:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.083
Shirakawa M, Hara-Nishimura I (2018) Specialized vacuoles of myrosin cells: chemical defense strategy in brassicales plants. Plant Cell Physiol 59:1309–1316. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcy082
Siwach P, Gill AR, Sethi K (2013) Hairy root cultures of medicinal trees: a viable alternative for commercial production of high-value secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Prospects Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/F978-81-322-1683-4
Sønderby IE, Geu-Flores F, Halkier BA (2010) Biosynthesis of glucosinolates–gene discovery and beyond. Trends Plant Sci 15:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.02.005
Tang L, Paonessa JD, Zhang Y, Ambrosone CB, McCann SE (2013) Total isothiocyanate yield from raw cruciferous vegetables commonly consumed in the United States. J Funct Foods 5:1996–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.011
Tian P, Lu X, Bao JY, Zhang XM, Lu YQ, Zhang XL, Wei YC, Yang J, Li S, Ma SY (2021) Transcriptomics analysis of genes induced by melatonin related to glucosinolates synthesis in broccoli hairy roots. Plant Signal Behav 16:e1952742. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2021.1952742
Traka MH (2016) Health benefits of glucosinolates. Adv Bot Res 6:247–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2016.06.004
Vo QV, Rochfort S, Nam PC, Nguyen TL, Nguyen TT, Mechler A (2018) Synthesis of aromatic and indole alpha-glucosinolates. Carbohydr Res 455:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2017.11.004
Wang QJ, Zheng LP, Wang YHY, JW. (2013) Propagation of Salvia miltiorrhiza from hairy root explants via somatic embryogenesis and tanshinone content in obtained plants. Ind Crop Prod 50:648–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.031
Wu S, Lei J, Chen G, Chen H, Cao B, Chen C (2017) De novo transcriptome assembly of Chinese Kale and Global expression analysis of genes involved in glucosinolate metabolism in multiple tissues. Front Plant Sci 8:92. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00092
Yi GE, Robin AH, Yang K, Park JI, Hwang BH, Nou IS (2016) Exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid induce subspecies-specific patterns of glucosinolate accumulation and gene expression in Brassica oleracea L. Molecules 21:1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101417
Yu Q, Hao G, Zhou J, Wang J, Evivie ER, Li J (2018) Identification and expression pattern analysis of BoMYB51 involved in indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 501:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.058
Zang YX, Zhang H, Huang LH, Wang F, Gao F, Lv XS, Yang J, Zhu B, Hong SB, Zhu ZJ (2016) Glucosinolate enhancement in leaves and roots of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) by Methyl Jasmonate. Asian Hortic Cong 56:830–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-015-0079-0
Zhang J, Liu Z, Liang J, Wu J, Cheng F, Wang X (2015) e genes encoding AOP2, a protein involved in aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, are differentially expressed in Brassica rapa. J Exp Bot 66:6205–6218. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv331
Zhang CC, Ma SY, Li S, Yu Y, Zhang XM, Bao JY (2020) Establishment of suspension culture system for hairy roots of broccoli. Mol Plant Breed 18:1250–1258. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?FileName=FZZW202004032&DbName=DKFX2020
Zhao SQ (2015) Induction of hairy roots of broccoli and establishment of multiplication system. Gansu Agricultural University. http://kns.cnki.net/kns/detail/detail.aspx?FileName=1015975361.nh&DbName=CMFD2016
Zhao L, Wang C, Zhu F, Li Y (2017) Mild osmotic stress promotes 4-methoxy indolyl-3-methyl glucosinolate biosynthesis mediated by the MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 cascade in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 36:543–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-017-2101-8
Acknowledgements
We thank Gene Denovo Biotechnology Co for providing us with gene sequencing services, and thank Gansu Agricultural University for providing the experimental location.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860067); Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Fund Project (2021B-136); Gansu Agricultural University Patent Transformation Project (GSAU-JSZR-2021-001); Longyuan Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (2016-3-18); Gansu Provincial People’s Livelihood Science and Technology Project (1603FCMG007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bao, J., Lu, X., Ma, L. et al. Transcriptome analysis of genes related to glucoraphanin and sulforaphane synthesis in methyl jasmonate treated broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) hairy roots. J Plant Res 135, 757–770 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01407-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01407-7