Abstract
Combining the results obtained by hydraulic (hysteresis) and hydrochemical (multivariate statistical analysis) approaches gives a better understanding of karst aquifer behavior, functioning of the hydraulic barrier and hydrogeochemical processes. The hydraulic approach is based on the principle that the relation of the groundwater levels in piezometers and the water level in a surface-water reservoir often follow certain hysteretic patterns that reflect a system of internal structure. This allows an analysis of the structure of the karst system as well as properties or functionality of the hydraulic barrier associated with the dam. Adequate understanding of the hysteresis diagrams is crucial to successfully addressing the issue of karst aquifer behavior and water leakage direction; normalized hysteresis data provided easier comparison between the data series and the interconnections among observed patterns. The application of the hydrochemical approach further contributed to an understanding of the karst system as well as the impact of the hydraulic barrier. Two-way hierarchical cluster analysis enabled the isolation of areas with similar hydrochemical characteristics, which was supplemented with circulation directions assumed by hydraulic methods. Factor analysis helped in identifying major hydrogeochemical processes in the various hydraulic regimes. The combined findings of hydraulic and hydrochemical approaches were successfully applied to a complex karst aquifer system where the reservoir (Lazići) was created for a reversible hydropower plant, situated in the Tara mountains, in the Dinaric karst of western Serbia.
Résumé
La combinaison des résultats obtenus par des approches hydrodynamique (hystérésis) et hydrochimique (analyse statistique multivariée) permet de mieux comprendre le comportement des aquifères karstiques, le fonctionnement d’une barrière hydraulique et les processus hydrogéochimiques. L’approche hydrodynamique repose sur le principe que la relation entre les niveaux piézométriques et le niveau statique d’un réservoir d’eau de surface suivent la plupart du temps un schéma d’hystérésis qui reflète la structure interne d’un système. Cela permet d’analyser la structure du système karstique ainsi que les propriétés ou la fonctionnalité de la barrière hydraulique associée au barrage. Une bonne compréhension des diagrammes d’hystérésis est cruciale pour résoudre les problèmes de comportement de l’aquifère karstique et de la direction des fuites d’eau; les données d’hystérésis normalisées facilitent la comparaison entre les séries de données et les interconnexions entre les modèles observés. L’application de l’approche hydrochimique a en outre contribué à la compréhension du système karstique ainsi que de l’impact de la barrière hydraulique. L’analyse hiérarchisée bidirectionnelle par grappes permet d’isoler des zones présentant des caractéristiques hydrochimiques similaires, qui est complétée par les directions d’écoulement démontrées par les méthodes hydrodynamiques. L’analyse factorielle a aidé à identifier les principaux processus hydrogéochimiques pour différents régimes hydrauliques. Les résultats combinés des approches hydrodynamique et hydrochimique ont été appliqués avec succès à un système aquifère karstique complexe dont le réservoir (Lazići) a été créé pour une centrale hydroélectrique réversible, située dans les montagnes de Tara, dans le karst dinarique de l’ouest de la Serbie.
Resumen
La combinación de los resultados obtenidos mediante enfoques hidráulicos (histéresis) e hidroquímicos (análisis estadístico multivariado) permite comprender mejor el comportamiento del acuífero kárstico, el funcionamiento de la barrera hidráulica y los procesos hidrogeoquímicos. El enfoque hidráulico se basa en el principio de que la relación de los niveles de las aguas subterráneas en los piezómetros y el nivel del agua en un depósito de aguas superficiales suelen seguir ciertos patrones de histéresis que reflejan un sistema de estructura interna. Esto permite un análisis de la estructura del sistema kárstico, así como de las propiedades o la funcionalidad de la barrera hidráulica asociada a la presa. La comprensión adecuada de los diagramas de histéresis es crucial para abordar con éxito la cuestión del comportamiento del acuífero kárstico y la dirección de la fuga de agua; los datos de histéresis normalizados facilitan la comparación entre las series de datos y las interconexiones entre los patrones observados. La aplicación del enfoque hidroquímico contribuyó además a la comprensión del sistema kárstico, así como del impacto de la barrera hidráulica. El análisis de clusters jerarquizados en ambos sentidos permitió aislar zonas con características hidroquímicas similares, lo que se complementó con las direcciones de circulación asumidas por los métodos hidráulicos. El análisis factorial ayudó a identificar los principales procesos hidrogeoquímicos en los diversos regímenes hidráulicos. Las conclusiones combinadas de los métodos hidráulicos e hidroquímicos se aplicaron con éxito a un complejo sistema acuífero kárstico en el que se constituyó el embalse (Lazići) para una central hidroeléctrica en régimen reversible, situado en las montañas de Tara, en el karst de la región dinárica de Serbia occidental.
摘要
将水力学(滞后)和水化学(多变量统计分析)方法获得的结果结合起来,可以更好地理解岩溶含水层的行为,水力屏障的功能和水文地球化学过程。 水力学方法基于测压计中地下水位与地表水水位之间的关系通常遵循某些滞后模式的原理,而这些滞后模式能够反应含水层的内部结构系统。通过这些我们可以分析岩溶系统的结构,与大坝相关联的水力屏障的特性或功能。充分理解滞后图对成功解决岩溶含水层行为和渗水方向问题至关重要。 归一化滞后数据使数据系列与观测模式中相互联系之间的比较更加容易。水化学方法的应用有助于进一步理解岩溶系统以及水力屏障的影响。双向层次聚类分析可以分离出具有相似水化学特征的区域,并辅以水力方法假设的环流方向。因子分析有助于识别不同水力状态下主要水文地球化学过程。水力和水化学方法的综合发现成功地应用于某复杂喀斯特含水层系统,该含水层(Lazići)是为位于塞尔维亚西部的Dinaric喀斯特中Tara山脉的一个可逆式水电站而建立的。
Resumo
A combinação dos resultados obtidos pelas abordagens hidráulica (histerese) e hidroquímica (análise estatística multivariada) permitiu uma melhor compreensão do comportamento do aquífero cárstico, funcionamento da barreira hidráulica e processos hidrogeoquímicos. A abordagem hidráulica é baseada no princípio de que a relação entre os níveis da água subterrânea em piezômetros e o nível de água em um reservatório de água superficial, frequentemente seguem certos padrões histeréticos que refletem o sistema de estrutura interna. Isso permite uma análise da estrutura do sistema cárstico, bem como propriedades ou funcionalidade da barreira hidráulica associada à barragem. A compreensão adequada dos diagramas de histerese é crucial para abordar com sucesso a questão do comportamento do aquífero cárstico e a direção do vazamento de água; dados de histerese normalizados forneceram comparação mais fácil entre a série de dados e as interconexões entre os padrões observados. A aplicação da abordagem hidroquímica contribuiu ainda mais para a compreensão do sistema cárstico, bem como do impacto da barreira hidráulica. A análise de agrupamento hierárquico bidirecional permitiu o isolamento de áreas com características hidroquímicas semelhantes, o que foi complementado com direções de circulação assumidas por métodos hidráulicos. A análise fatorial ajudou a identificar os principais processos hidrogeoquímicos nos vários regimes hidráulicos. A combinação de diferentes abordagens hidráulicas e hidroquímicas foram aplicadas com sucesso a um sistema aquífero cárstico complexo, onde o reservatório (Lazići) foi criado para uma usina hidrelétrica reversível, situada nas montanhas Tara, no carste Dinárico a oeste da Sérvia.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the management and employees of HPP Bajina Bašta for their assistance with the technical realization of field research. This work is also supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. The authors also thank the reviewers Mario Parise and Wei Qiao, for their careful reading and thoughtful comments towards improving our manuscript.
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Jemcov, I., Ćuk Đurović, M. A hydraulic–hydrochemical approach to impact assessment of a grout curtain on karst aquifer behavior. Hydrogeol J 29, 179–197 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02245-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02245-4