Abstract
Purpose
Spine surgeries have experienced exponential growth over the past 2 decades. These surgeries are often accompanied by long and severe perioperative pain, presenting a significant management challenge. This study aims to assess and compare the efficacy of two techniques for postoperative pain (POP) management in lumbar spine surgeries: ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and intraoperative freehand ESPB.
Methods
In this prospective randomized non-inferiority trial (Registration Number: IRCT20221107056427N1), adult patients who were candidates for lumbar spinal fusion surgery were randomly divided into two groups: ultrasound-guided ESPB (n = 29) and freehand ESPB (n = 29). The primary outcomes were the total amount of morphine consumed during the first 24 h following the surgery and the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score at various time points within the first 24 h following the surgery. The secondary outcome was the fentanyl used during surgery.
Results
Participants in the intraoperative freehand approach had considerably higher total morphine consumption in the first postoperative 24 h. The trend of NRS changes in both the ultrasound-guided ESPB group and the freehand ESPB group during the first 24 h after surgery showed a significant decrease. Still, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the first analgesic demand time was significantly shorter in the intraoperative freehand ESPB group compared to the ultrasound-guided approach.
Conclusion
According to our results, the ultrasound-guided approach of ESPB is more effective in POP management and opioid sparing in lumbar spinal fusion surgeries compared to the freehand approach. However, the data from this study are not sufficient to draw robust conclusions, and further randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are required to validate our results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rizkalla JM, Holderread B, Awad M, Botros A, Syed IY (2021) The erector spinae plane block for analgesia after lumbar spine surgery: a systematic review. J Orthop 24:145–150
Yeşiltaş S, Abdallah A, Uysal Ö, Yilmaz S, Çinar İ, Karaaslan K (2021) The efficacy of intraoperative freehand erector spinae plane block in lumbar spondylolisthesis: a randomized controlled study. LWW
Avis G, Gricourt Y, Vialatte PB, Meunier V, Perin M, Simon N, Claret P-G, El Fertit H, Lefrant J-Y, Bertrand M (2022) Analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane blocks for lumbar spine surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 47:610–616
Melvin JP, Schrot RJ, Chu GM, Chin KJ (2018) Low thoracic erector spinae plane block for perioperative analgesia in lumbosacral spine surgery: a case series. Can J Anesth 65:1057–1065
Fu MY, Hao J, Ye LH, Jiang W, Lv YW, Shen JL, Fu T (2023) Efficacy and safety of erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain management in lumbar spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pain Res. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S402931
Saito T, Steinke H, Miyaki T, Nawa S, Umemoto K, Miyakawa K, Wakao N, Asamoto K, Nakano T (2013) Analysis of the posterior ramus of the lumbar spinal nerve: the structure of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve. J Am Soc Anesthesiolog 118:88–94
Ma J, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Ye Y, Wang J, Zhang T, Liu B (2021) Erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 30:3137–3149
Singh S, Choudhary NK, Lalin D, Verma VK (2020) Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spine surgery: a randomized control trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 32:330–334
Qiu Y, Zhang T-J, Hua Z (2020) Erector spinae plane block for lumbar spinal surgery: a systematic review. J Pain Res. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S256205
Stewart JW, Dickson D, Van Hal M, Aryeetey L, Sunna M, Schulz C, Alexander JC, Gasanova I, Joshi GP (2023) Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks for pain management after open lumbar laminectomy. Eur Spine J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-07881-4
Statistics G (2021) Normalize data in SPSS software. Statistical tutorials and software guides. https://graphpad.ir/transform-data-to-normal-distribution/.php. Accessed 12 Jan 2022
Grotle M, Småstuen MC, Fjeld O, Grøvle L, Helgeland J, Storheim K, Solberg TK, Zwart J-A (2019) Lumbar spine surgery across 15 years: trends, complications and reoperations in a longitudinal observational study from Norway. BMJ Open 9:e028743
Singh R, Moore ML, Hallak H, Shlobin NA, Brown N, Gendreau J, Meyer J, Haglin JM, Bydon M, Gottfried ON (2022) Recent trends in medicare utilization and reimbursement for lumbar fusion procedures: 2000–2019. World Neurosurg 165:e191–e196
Pugely AJ, Martin CT, Gao Y, Mendoza-Lattes S (2014) Causes and risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmissions after lumbar spine surgery. Spine 39:761–768
Savarese JJ, Tabler NG Jr (2017) Multimodal analgesia as an alternative to the risks of opioid monotherapy in surgical pain management. J Healthc Risk Manag 37:24–30
Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, Tsui C, Chin KJ (2016) The erector spinae plane block: a novel analgesic technique in thoracic neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 41:621–627
El Ghamry M, Elgebaly A, Anwar A, Shaddad M (2019) Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for acute pain management in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion under general anaesthesia. South Afr J Anaesth Analg 25:26–31
Cesur S, Ay AN, Yayık AM, Naldan ME, Gürkan Y (2019) Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block provides effective perioperative analgesia and anaesthesia for thoracic mass excision: a report of two cases. Anaesth, Crit Care Pain Med 38:189–190
Yayik AM, Cesur S, Ozturk F, Ahiskalioglu A, Ay AN, Celik EC, Karaavci NC (2019) Postoperative analgesic efficacy of the ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing lumbar spinal decompression surgery: a randomized controlled study. World Neurosurg 126:e779–e785
Almeida CR, Oliveira AR, Cunha P (2019) Continuous bilateral erector of spine plane block at T8 for extensive lumbar spine fusion surgery: case report. Pain Pract 19:536–540
Chin KJ, Lewis S (2019) Opioid-free analgesia for posterior spinal fusion surgery using erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks in a multimodal anesthetic regimen. Spine 44:E379–E383
Acknowledgements
The author thanks all the patients who participated in this study and the staff of Imam Hossein Hospital who sincerely cooperated during this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AM designed the study and revised the manuscript, PR collected the data and wrote the paper, KK carried out patient assessment and designed the study, SS carried out patient assessment and analyzed the data, and AS designed the study, collected the data and revised the manuscript. All the authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mirkheshti, A., Raji, P., Komlakh, K. et al. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) versus freehand ESPB in postoperative pain management after lumbar spinal fusion surgery: a randomized, non-inferiority trial. Eur Spine J 33, 1081–1088 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-08101-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-08101-9