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Disentangling arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria at the soil-root interface

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Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are essential components of the plant root mycobiome and are found in approximately 80% of land plants. As obligate plant symbionts, AMF harbor their own microbiota, both inside and outside the plant root system. AMF-associated bacteria (AAB) possess various functional traits, including nitrogen fixation, organic and inorganic phosphate mobilization, growth hormone production, biofilm production, enzymatic capabilities, and biocontrol against pathogen attacks, which not only contribute to the health of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis but also promote plant growth. Because of this, there is increasing interest in the diversity, functioning, and mechanisms that underlie the complex interactions between AMF, AAB, and plant hosts. This review critically examines AMF-associated bacteria, focusing on AAB diversity, the factors driving richness and community composition of these bacteria across various ecosystems, along with the physical, chemical, and biological connections that enable AMF to select and recruit beneficial bacterial symbionts on and within their structures and hyphospheres. Additionally, potential applications of these bacteria in agriculture are discussed, emphasizing the potential importance of AMF fungal highways in engineering plant rhizosphere and endophyte bacteria communities, and the importance of a functional core of AAB taxa as a promising tool to improve plant and soil productivity. Thus, AMF and their highly diverse bacterial taxa represent important tools that could be efficiently explored in sustainable agriculture, carbon sequestration, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to nitrogen fertilizer applications. Nevertheless, future studies adopting integrated multidisciplinary approaches are crucial to better understand AAB functional diversity and the mechanisms that govern these tripartite relationships.

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Data availability

Data are available in Supplementary Table S1.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. Said Fared and UM6P Services & Supports for assistance with the graphical design for Fig. 1. We also thank Andrew Blakney for commenting on the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by funding from the OCP Group (Projects AS-78 and AS-85, awarded to MH), and the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco

    Sulaimon Basiru, Khadija Ait Si Mhand & Mohamed Hijri

  2. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, QC, Montréal, Canada

    Mohamed Hijri

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  1. Sulaimon Basiru
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SB collected and analyzed the literature and wrote the manuscript. KASM contributed to the data collection and analysis of the literature and wrote the manuscript. MH conceived the study, acquired funding, supervised the work, and contributed to the writing and preparation of figures. All authors commented on the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Basiru, S., Ait Si Mhand, K. & Hijri, M. Disentangling arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria at the soil-root interface. Mycorrhiza 33, 119–137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-023-01107-7

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