Abstract
In this diagnostic study, three distinctive MJO types in boreal winter are documented and their controlling mechanisms and teleconnections are investigated with a synergetic glocal approach. It is revealed that the diverse nature of the MJO primarily results from different tropical-extratropical interactions and associated internal atmospheric processes. Both the type-I and type-II are initiated over the western Indian Ocean (IO) by a dry zone around the eastern IO (EIO), while only the type-I can move out the IO and circulate around the globe. The type-III initiates over the western Pacific (WP) and can circulate the globe. The strong upper-level equatorial westerly wind over the IO-WP, resulting from upstream and extratropical influences, suffocates the type-II MJO within the IO. Whereas, the robust upper-level equatorial easterly wind over the IO-WP, also resulting from upstream and extratropical influences, along with regional convective instability over the WP and the arrival of cold surge over the South China Sea (SCS) foster the development and eastward propagation of the type-III MJO. The downstream and extratropical teleconnections are primarily controlled by the associated convection over the tropical IO-WP sector for the type-I, but also strongly influenced by the conditions over the extratropical WP for the type-II and type-III. Given that the MJO has been traditionally viewed as a tropical mode owing its existence to the coupling between organized convection and large-scale circulations, present findings advocate the MJO as a glocal mode and call for more research on the involved tropical-extratropical interactions in order to better understand and simulate the diverse nature of the MJO.
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Data availability
All data used in the manuscript can be downloaded from websites. The interpolated daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data was from the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado (Liebmann & Smith, 1996), available at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. The ERA5 reanalysis data was from the ECMWF. The ERA5 reanalysis data on single levels is available at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels. The ERA5 reanalysis data on pressure levels is available at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels?tab=overview.
Notes
The fifth-generation climate reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
The details of the step2 case selection are given in Table s1 of the supplementary material. The peak dates and the monthly distribution of all 114 MJO events are given in Table s2 and Table s3 of the supplementary material.
NH and SH, respectively, stand for Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
C and A, respectively, stand for Cyclonic and Anticyclonic “gyres”.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to four reviewers’ insightful comments, which help improve the manuscript. This work was jointly supported by the startup fund of Fudan University, the China National Science Foundation under Grant 41875064 and National Key Research Program and Development of China under Grant 2017YFC1502302.
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This article was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41875064) and National Key Research Program and Development of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1502302).
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Liu, S., Fu, JX., Wen, Z. et al. Diverse controlling mechanisms and teleconnections of three distinctive MJO types. Clim Dyn 61, 789–812 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06604-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06604-7