Abstract
This review analyzes the data on co-variations in δ13C and δ15N of soils with land-use types, management, and disturbance obtained from literature to explore potential implications of the dual isotopes in the study of soil organic matter (SOM) sources and C and N processes. Overall, croplands (δ13C and δ15N were − 20.3 ± 4.4‰ and + 7.6 ± 4.4‰, respectively) had greater isotopic values than grasslands (‒26.3 ± 3.0‰ and + 5.4 ± 1.1‰, respectively) and forests (− 26.0 ± 1.1‰ and + 4.3 ± 2.2‰, respectively). For intensively managed lands such as croplands and grasslands, application of organic inputs such as manure and compost of which isotopic signatures differed from the indigenous SOM was the main driver of co-variations in the δ13C and δ15N of SOM. For natural forests, both δ13C and δ15N of SOM co-increased with soil depth, reflecting heavy isotope enrichment during microbial stabilization of SOM and the potential influence of 13C-depleted atmospheric CO2 and 15N-depleted N deposition on the upper soils. Such vertical co-enrichments of 13C and 15N were disturbed by a land-use conversion to other lands including croplands. Though there were indications that land management practices such as tillage in croplands and grazing in grasslands, land-use changes, and land disturbance including forest fire might also affect both δ13C and δ15N, more data need to be accumulated to find a general trend of the isotopic variations of SOM. Analysis of both δ13C and δ15N may enlarge understanding of changes in SOM sources and soil C and N cycling by land-use types, management, change, and disturbance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ågen GI, Bosatta E, Balesdent J (1996) Isotope discrimination during decomposition of organic matter: a theoretical analysis. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:1121–1126. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000040023x
An H, Li GQ (2015) Effects of grazing on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in a semiarid desert grassland, China. J Arid Land 7:341–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-014-0049-x
Batlle-Aggular J, Brovelli A, Porporato A, Barry DA (2011) Modelling soil carbon and nitrogen cycles during land use change. A Review Agron Sustain Dev 31:251–274. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010007
Bekele A, Kellman L, Beltrami H (2013) Plot level spatial variability of soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and their stable isotopic compositions in temperate managed forest soils of Atlantic Canada. Soil Sci 178:400–416. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000003
Bengtson P, Bengtsson G (2007) Rapid turnover of DOC in temperate forests accounts for increased CO2 production at elevated temperatures. Ecol Lett 10:783–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01072.x
Billings SA, Richter DD (2006) Change in stable isotopic signatures of soil nitrogen and carbon during 40 years of forest development. Oecologia 148:325–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01072.x
Bird MI, Veenendaal EM, Moyo C, Lloyd J, Frost P (2000) Effect of fire and soil texture on soil carbon in a sub-humid savanna (Matopos, Zimbabwe). Geoderma 94:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00084-1
Bloem J, Ellenbroek FM, Baer-Gilissen MJ, Cappenberg TE (1989) Protozoan grazing and bacterial production in stratified Lake Vechten estimated with fluorescently labeled bacteria and by thymidine incorporation. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1787–1795. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.7.1787-1795.1989
Bohlen PJ, Pelletier DM, Groffman PM, Fahey TJ, Fisk MC (2004) Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y
Boström B, Comstedt D, Ekbald A (2007) Isotope fractionation and 13C enrichment in soil profiles during the decomposition of soil organic matter. Oecologia 153:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0700-8
Bukata A, Kyser TK (2007) Carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in tree-rings as records of perturbations in regional carbon and nitrogen cycles. Environ Sci Technol 41:1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061414g
Busari MA, Salako FK, Tuniz C (2016) Stable isotope technique in the evaluation of tillage and fertilizer effects on soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration and water use efficiency. Europ J Agronomy 73:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.002
Campbell JE, Fox JF, Cm D, Rowe HD, Thompson N (2009) Carbon and nitrogen isotopic measurements from southern Appalachian soils: assessing soil carbon sequestration under climate and land-use variation. J Environ Eng 135:439–443. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000008
Choi WJ, Chang SX, Allen HL, Kelting DL, Ro HM (2005) Irrigation and fertilization effects on foliar and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a loblolly pine stand. Forest Ecol Manage 213:90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.016
Choi WJ, Kwak JH, Lim SS, Park HJ, Chang SX, Lee SM, Arshad MA, Yun SI, Kim HY (2017) Synthetic fertilizer and livestock manure differently affect δ15N in the agricultural landscape: a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ 237:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.020
Choi WJ, Kwak JH, Park HJ, Yang HI, Park SI, Xu Z, Lee SM, Lim SS, Chang SX (2020) Land-use type, and land management and disturbance affect soil δ15N: a review. J Soils Sediments 20:3283–3299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02708-x
Craine JM, Brookshire ENJ, Cramer MD, Hasselquist NJ, Koba K, Marin-Spiotta E, Wang LX (2015) Ecological interpretations of nitrogen isotope ratios of terrestrial plants and soils. Plant Soil 396:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2542-1
De Clercq T, Heiling M, Dercon G, Resch C, Aigner M, Mayer L, Mao Y, Elsen A, Steier P, Leifeld J, Merckx R (2015) Predicting soil organic matter stability in agricultural fields through carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Soil Biol Biochem 88:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.05.011
Ding X, Zhang B, Chen Q, He H, Horwath WR, Zhang X (2021) Grassland conversion to cropland decreased microbial assimilation of mineral N into their residues in a Chernozem soil. Biol Fertil Soils 57:913–924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01581-1
Dou X, Li F, Cheng X, Zhu P (2018) Soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics induced by continuous maize cropping compared to maize–soya bean rotation. Eur J Soil Sci 69:535–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12544
Du Y, Guo X, Zhou G, Zhou G, Cao GM, Li YK (2017) Effect of grazing intensity on soil and plant δ15N of an alpine meadow. Pol J Environ Stud 26:1071–1075. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/67977
Escanhoela ASB, Pitombo LM, Brandani CB, Navarrete AA, Bento CB, do Carmo JB (2019) Organic management increases soil nitrogen but not carbon content in a tropical citrus orchard with pronounced N2O emissions. J Environ Manage 234:326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.109
Fan R, Du J, Liang A, Lou J, Li J (2020) Carbon sequestration in aggregates from native and cultivated soils as affected by soil stoichiometry. Biol Fertil Sols 56:1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01489-2
Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40:503–537. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443
Figueira AMES, Davidson EA, Nagy RC, Riskin SH, Martinelli LA (2016) Isotopically constrained soil carbon and nitrogen budgets in a soybean field chronosequence in the Brazilian Amazon region. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 121:2520–2529. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003470
Francisco CAL, Loss A, Brunetto G, Gonzatto R, Giacomini SJ, Aita C, Piccolo MC, Marchezan C, Scopel G, Vidal RF (2021) Aggregation, carbon, nitrogen, and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in soils under notillage system fertilized with injection and surface application of pig slurry for five years. Carbon Manag 12:275–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2021.1920822
Gaebler OH, Vitti TG, Vukmirovich R (1966) Isotope effects in metabolism of 14N and 15N from unlabeled dietary proteins. Can J Biochem 44:1249–1257. https://doi.org/10.1139/o66-142
Giumbelli LD, Loss A, Ventura BS, dos Santos JE, Almeida J, Piccolo MC, Mafra ÁL, Kurtz C, Brunetto G, Comin JJ (2020) Aggregation index, carbon, nitrogen, and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in soil aggregates and bulk soil cultivated with onion under crop successions and rotations. Soil Res 58:622–635. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR19346
Glaser B, Bol R, Preedy N, McTiernan KB, Clark M, Amelung W (2001) Short-term sequestration of slurry-derived carbon and nitrogen in temperate grassland soil as assessed by 13C and 15N natural abundance measurements. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 164:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624(200110)164:5%3c467::AID-JPLN467%3e3.0.CO;2-Q
Glexiner G, Danier HJ, Werner RA, Schmidt HL (1993) Correlations between the 13C content of primary and secondary plant products in different cell compartments and that in decomposing Basidiomycetes. Plant Physiol 102:1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.4.1287
Gormly JR, Spalding RF (1979) Sources and concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen in ground water of the Central Platte Region, Nebraska. Ground Water 17:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03323.x
Han G, Tang Y, Liu M, Van Zwiten L, Yang X, Yu C, Wang H, Song Z (2020) Carbon-nitrogen isotope coupling of soil organic matter in a karst region under land use change. Southwest China Agric Ecosyst Environ 301:e107027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107027
Henn MR, Chapela IH (2001) Ecophysiology of 13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in forest fungi and the roots of the saprotrophic–mycorrhizal divide. Oecologia 128:480–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100680
Hobbie EA, Hobbie JE (2008) Natural abundance of 15N in nitrogen limited forests and tundra can estimate nitrogen cycling through mycorrhizal fungi: a review. Ecosystems 11:815–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9159-7
Hobbie EA, Jumpponen A, Trappe J (2005) Foliar and fungal 15N:14N ratios reflect development of mycorrhizae and nitrogen supply during primary succession: testing analytical models. Oecologia 146:258–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0208-z
Howard I, McLauchlan KK (2015) Spatiotemporal analysis of nitrogen cycling in a mixed coniferous forest of the northern United States. Biogeosciences 12:3941–3952. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3941-2015
Hyodo F, Wardle DA (2009) Effect of ecosystem retrogression on stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes of plants, soils and consumer organisms in boreal forest islands. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23:1892–1898. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4095
Hyodo F, Kusaka S, Wardle DA, Nilsson MC (2013) Changes in stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios of plants and soil across a boreal forest fire chronosequence. Plant Soil 364:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1339-8
Jeong YJ, Park HJ, Jeon BJ, Seo BS, Baek N, Yang HI, Kwak JH, Lee SM, Choi WJ (2022) Land use types with different fertilization management affected isotope ratios of bulk and water-extractable C and N of soils in an intensive agricultural area. J Soils Sediments 22:429–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03097-5
Jiang YM, Chen CR, Liu YQ, Xu ZH (2010) Soil soluble organic carbon and nitrogen pools under mono- and mixed species forest ecosystems in subtropical China. J Soils Sediments 10:1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0191-9
Kim YJ, Choi WJ, LimSS KJH, Chang SX, Kim HY, Yoon KS, Ro HM (2008) Changes in nitrogen isotopic compositions during composting of cattle feedlot manure: effects of bedding material type. Bioresour Technol 99:5452–5458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.012
Kramer MG, Sollins P, Sletten RS, Swart PK (2003) N isotope fractionation and measures of organic matter alteration during decomposition. Ecology 84:2021–2025. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3097
Kriszan M, Schellberg J, Amelung W, Gebbing T, Potsch EM, Kuhbauch W (2014) Revealing N management intensity on grassland farms based on natural δ15N abundance. Agric Ecosyst Environ 184:158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.11.028
Krull ES, Bestland EA, Skjemstad JO, Parr JF (2006) Geochemistry (δ13C, δ15N, 13C NMR) and residene times (14C and OSL) of soil organic matter from red-brown earths of South Australia: Implications for soil genesis. Geoderma 132:344–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.06.001
Lal R, Reicosky DC, Hanson JD (2007) Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming. Soil till Res 93:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004
Liu Y, Liu WZ, Wu LH, Liu C, Wang L, Chen F, Li ZG (2018) Soil aggregate associated organic carbon dynamics subjected to different types of land use: evidence from 13C natural abundance. Ecol Eng 122:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.08.018
Lorenz M, Derrien D, Zeller B, Udelhoven T, Werner W, Thiele-Bruhn S (2020) The linkage of 13C and 15N soil depth gradients with C: N and O: C stoichiometry reveals tree species effects on organic matter turnover in soil. Biogeochemistry 151:203–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00721-3
Lu L, Cheng H, Pu X, Wang J, Cheng Q, Liu X (2016) Identifying organic matter sources using isotopic ratios in a watershed impacted by intensive agricultural activities in Northeast China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 222:48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.033
Lynch DH, Voroney RP, Warman PR (2006) Use of 13C and 15N natural abundance techniques to characterize carbon and nitrogen dynamics in composting and in compost-amended soils. Soil Biol Biochem 38:103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.04.022
Lyu M, Li X, Xie J, Homyak PM, Ukonmaanaho L, Yang Z, Liu X, Ruan C, Yang Y (2019) Root-microbial interaction accelerates soil nitrogen depletion but not soil carbon after increasing litter inputs to a coniferous forest. Plant Soil 444:153–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04265-w
Markham JH (2009) Variation in moss-associated nitrogen fixation in boreal forest stands. Oecologia 161:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1391-0
Matsushima M, Choi WJ, Chang SX (2012) White spruce foliar δ13C and δ15N indicate changed soil N availability by understory removal and N fertilization in a 13-year-old boreal plantation. Plant Soil 361:375–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1254-z
Mcsherry M, Ritchie M (2013) Effects of grazing on grassland soil carbon: a global review. Glob Change Biol 19:1347–1357. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12144
Menge DNL, Hedin LO (2009) Nitrogen fixation in different biogeochemical niches along a 120000-year chronosequence in New Zealand. Ecology 90:2190–2201. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0877.1
Mushinski RM, Boutton TW, Scott DA (2017) Decadal-scale changes in forest soil carbon and nitrogen storage are influenced by organic matter removal during timber harvest. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 122:846–862. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003738
Nagaba MJY, Bol R, Hu YL (2021) Stable isotopic signatures of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates following the conversion of natural forests to managed plantations in eastern China. Plant Soil 459:371–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04754-3
Oelbermann M, Voroney RP (2007) Carbon and nitrogen in a temperate agroforestry system: using stable isotopes as a tool to understand soil dynamics. Ecol Eng 29:342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.014
Oelbermann M, Voroney RP, Kass DCL, Schlönvoigt AM (2006) Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics using stable isotopes in 19- and 10-year-old tropical agroforestry systems. Geoderma 130:356–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.02.009
Park HJ, Lim SS, Choi WJ (2020) Validation of stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) model for source appointment of agricultural water pollution. Korean J Soil Sci Fertil 53:391–404. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2020.53.4.391(InKoreanwithEnglishabstract)
Parnell AC, Inger R, Bearshop S, Jackson AL (2010) Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PLoS ONE 5:e9672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009672
Parnell AC, Philips DL, Bearhop S, Semmens BX, Ward EJ, Moore JW, Jackson AL, Grey J, Kelly DJ, Inger R (2013) Bayesian stable isotope mixing models. Environmetrics 24:387–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.2221
Pinto M, Merino P, del Prado A, Estavillo JM, Yamulki S, Gebauer G, Piertzak S, Lauf J, Oenema O (2004) Increased emission of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following tillage of a perennial pasture. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 70:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FRES.0000049357.79307.23
Qiu LP, Wei XR, Gao J, Zhang XC (2015) Dynamics of soil aggregate-associated organic carbon along an afforestation chronosequence. Plant Soil 391:237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2415-7
Qiu LP, Wei XR, Ma T, Wei Y, Horton R, Zhang XC, Cheng J (2015) Effects of land-use change on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in density fractions and soil δ13C and δ15N in semiarid grasslands. Plant Soil 390:419–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2435-3
R Development Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Reverchon F, Abdullah KM, Bai SH, Villafan E, Blumfield TJ, Patel B, Xu Z (2020) Biological nitrogen fixation by two Acacia species and associated root-nodule bacteria in a suburban Australian forest subjected to prescribed burning. J Soils Sediments 20:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02446-9
Rong G, Li W, Zhu H, Zhou J, Qiu L, Ge N, Wei X, Shao M (2020) Dynamic of new- and old-organic carbon and nitrogen in bulk soils and aggregates following afforestation on farmland. CATENA 195:e104838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104838
Rui Y, Wang S, Xu Z, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhou X, Kang X, Lu S, Hu Y, Lin Q, Luo C (2011) Warming and grazing affect soil labile carbon and nitrogen pools differently in an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. J Soils Sediments 11:903–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-011-0388-6
ŠantRůČková H, Bird MI, Lolyd J (2000) Microbial processes and carbon-isotope fractionation in tropical and temperate grassland soils. Func Ecol 14:108–114. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00402.x
Sohng J, Singhakumara BMP, Ashton MS (2017) Effects on soil chemistry of tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent reforestation with special reference to changes in carbon and nitrogen. For Ecol Manage 389:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.013
Sun F, Kuang Y, Wen D, Xu Z, Li J, Zuo W, Hou E (2010) Long-term tree growth rate, water use efficiency, and tree ring nitrogen isotope composition of Pinus massoniana L. in response to global climate change and local nitrogen deposition in Southern China. J Soils Sediments 10:1453–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0249-8
Tahmasbian I, Xu Z, Nguyen TTN, Che R, Omidvar N, Lambert G, Bai SH (2019) Short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil, litterfall, and canopy of a suburban native forest subjected to prescribed burning in subtropical Australia. J Soils Sediments 19:3969–3981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02430-3
Tiunov AV (2007) Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in soil ecological studies. Biol Bull 34:395–407. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359007040127
Trudell SA, Rygiewicz PT, Edmonds RL (2004) Patterns of nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants and soils in two old-growth conifer forests. New Phytol 164:317–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01162.x
Van der Stelt B, Temminghoff EJM, Van Vliet PCJ, Van Riemsdijk WH (2007) Volatilization of ammonia from manure as affected by manure additives, temperature and mixing. Bioresour Technol 98:3449–3455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.004
Wallander H, Göransson H, Rosengren U (2004) Production, standing biomass and natural abundance of 15N and 13C in ectomycorrhizal mycelia collected at different soil depths in two forest types. Oecologia 139:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1477-z
Wang R, Dungait JAJ, Creamer CA, Cai J, Li B, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Jiang Y (2015) Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil aggregates under long-term nitrogen and water addition in a temperate steppe. Soil Sci Soc Am J 79:527–535. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.09.0351
Wu L, McGechan BM (1998) A review of carbon and nitrogen processes in four soil nitrogen dynamics models. J Agr Eng Res 69:279–305. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1997.0250
Zhou Y, Ding Y, Li H, Xu X, Li Y, Zhang W, Lin H (2020) The effects of short-term grazing on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in a temperate grassland. J Arid Environ 179:e104198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104198
Zhou J, Shao G, Kumar A, Shi L, Kuzyakov Y, Pausch J (2022) Carbon fluxes within tree-crop-grass agroforestry system: 13C labeling and tracing. Biol Fertil Soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01659-4
Funding
This work was carried out with the support of the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ01336802)”, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Hyun-Jin Park: investigation, data curation, writing — original draft. Nuri Baek: investigation, data curation, writing — original draft. Sang-Sun Lim: investigation, data curation, writing – original draft. Young-Jae Jeong: investigation, data curation. Bo-Seong Seo: investigation, data curation. Jin-Hyeob Kwak: investigation, data curation. Sang-Mo Lee: writing — review and editing. Seok-In Yun: writing — review and editing, funding acquisition. Han-Yong Kim: writing — review and editing, funding acquisition. Muhammad A. Arshad: writing — review and editing. Woo-Jung Choi: Supervision, funding acquisition, writing — review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Park, HJ., Baek, N., Lim, SS. et al. Coupling of δ13C and δ15N to understand soil organic matter sources and C and N cycling under different land-uses and management: a review and data analysis. Biol Fertil Soils 59, 487–499 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01668-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01668-3