Abstract
Coral reefs are structurally complex habitats that provide diverse shelter for motile benthic invertebrates (MBI), including those with cryptic and nocturnal behaviors. In this study, diel changes in MBI structure (species composition, density, and biomass) and functions (trophic groups and isotopic diversity indices) were examined on coral reefs at Rapa Nui (27° S, 109° W). Diurnal and nocturnal surveys (March 2016) revealed that echinoderms were the dominant invertebrates throughout the diel cycle in terms of density, biomass, and their trophic role. The density and biomass of MBI were higher at night than during the day. Significant diel changes were detected in the structure of MBI and trophic groups, where the diurnal assemblages were mostly herbivores and the nocturnal assemblages were mostly detritivores. Moreover, the isotopic uniqueness index indicated that nocturnal MBI were trophically more redundant than their diurnal counterparts; consequently, the high nocturnal biodiversity did not necessarily increase trophic diversity. This time and trophic partitioning of MBI could have important consequences for energy transfer on the reefs and must be considered in future monitoring programs. Endemic taxa represented approximately a quarter of the species (26%), but had low density and biomass during both time periods, suggesting a modest influence on energy transfers on these coral reefs. However, their restricted geographic distribution and current low abundances could make these species vulnerable to extinction; therefore, management and conservation actions in the new multiple-use marine protected area of Rapa Nui should include these species.
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The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
Our thanks go to Ricardo and Pedro Hitorangi, Victor Icka, and Enrique Hey from Rapa Nui for their collaboration in the field; to Sergio Rapu and the Rapa Nui Heritage Foundation for providing land and facilities for our on-island laboratory; to Tortuga and Orca dive centers for scuba diving support; to Amelia Fowles for her collaboration during the field work; to Jorge Avilés and Camila Henriquez from Sala de Colecciones Biológicas UCN (SCBUCN) for their help with the curation of voucher specimens, and Kaitlin McConnell for an early English revision of the manuscript and for their comments. Comments and suggestions from three anonymous reviewers greatly helped to improve the manuscript.
Funding
FONDECYT 1181153, 1180694 and ANID—Millennium Science Initiative ESMOI. Additional funding to GZ-H was provided by CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2015–21151249 and Postdoctorado MINEDUC UCN-19101 No. 002.
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GZ-H and IAH conducted the field work and data collection. GZ-H, JS, and IAH contributed to the processing of the samples. GZ-H, RR, and YL conducted the data analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GZ-H, YL, and JS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sampling was performed under permission Res. Ext No. 41/2016 from SUBPESCA (Chile) to Universidad Católica del Norte, and approved by the scientific ethics committee of Universidad Católica del Norte, F.M. No. 70/2017.
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Zapata-Hernández, G., Hinojosa, I.A., Sellanes, J. et al. Diel changes in structure and trophic functions of motile benthic invertebrates on coral reefs at Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Mar Biol 168, 154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03957-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03957-1